Figure 3.

Administration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and organic acid (lactate) changed the phase of peripheral PER2::LUC rhythms with time-of-day dependency of treatment timing in antibiotic-induced microbiota depleted mice. (A) Experimental schedule. After drinking antibiotic-containing water for at least a month, mice were orally gavaged with vehicle (water) or SCFA + lactate mix (400 mM in each) (0.1 ml/10 g mouse weight) for 3 consecutive days at ZT0, 5, 12, or 17. Then, peripheral PER2::LUC bioluminescence rhythms were monitored every 4 hours for 24 hours starting at ZT7 after final injection. (B,C) Representative image or averaged waveform of in vivo peripheral PER2::LUC imaging in mice orally gavaged with vehicle or SCFA + lactate at ZT5. (D) Peak phase changes of PER2::LUC rhythm compared with the peak in the vehicle treatment group. The value of peak phase of the vehicle treatment was set as 0. All the values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The number of mice used in this study is indicated in Table S1. More details on the statistics is presented in Table S2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, vs. vehicle gavaged group (Tukey’s multiple comparisons or Mann Whitney test). P value of the two-way ANOVA is indicated in the lower right side of each graph if significant.