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. 2018 Jan 23;8:1395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19836-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Administration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) changed the phase of clock gene expression rhythms in the kidney of antibiotic-induced microbiota depleted mice. (A) Similar to Fig. 1A, antibiotic-induced microbiota depleted mice were orally gavaged SCFA + lactate mix (400 mM in each) at ZT5 for three consecutive days; then, kidneys were collected every 4 hours for 24 hours starting at ZT7 after the last injection. (B) Clock gene expression measured by RT-PCR. Peak phase analysis is shown in Table S3. Gene expression levels were normalized to Gapdh. All the values are expressed as mean ± SEM. P value of the two-way ANOVA is indicated in the lower right side of each graph if significant. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, vs. vehicle gavaged group (Sidak’s multiple comparisons test).