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. 2018 Jan 23;8:1395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19836-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Administration of each short chain fatty acid (SCFA) changed the phase of peripheral PER2::LUC rhythms in antibiotic-induced microbiota depleted mice. (A) Similar to Fig. 1A, antibiotic-induced microbiota depleted mice were orally gavaged with each SCFA (400 or 1600 mM) at ZT5 for three consecutive days, and then we measured peripheral PER2::LUC every 4 hours for 24 hours starting at ZT7 after the last injection. (B) Peak phase difference compared to the peak of the vehicle only treatment is shown. The value of peak change of the vehicle-gavaged group was set as 0. All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The number of mice used in this study is indicated in Table S1. *p < 0.05 vs. vehicle only treatment (t-test or Mann Whitney test).