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. 2018 Jan 23;8:1464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19804-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Actuation of the substrate. (A) The magnitude of displacement induced by a pillar positioned 1 mm away from the electromagnet and experiencing B_x = 119mT and B_z = 27mT was estimated with a 3D model and compared to the magnitude of displacement measured experimentally around 5 pillars stimulated by an electromagnet supplied with 5 A. (B) Maps of stress magnitude were derived from the displacement fields by Fourier Transform Traction Cytometry, and (C) maps of stress variation were calculated to distinguish the regions under traction and compression. Scale bar: 30 µm. Profiles corresponding to the dashed region of each map are also displayed. (D) Maximum magnitude of displacement measured on 4 different pillars undergoing cyclic stimulations applied by manually adjusting the intensity of the current input (red curve).