Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population (n = 8 352)
| Characteristics | Total (n = 8352) | Young (15–49 Years) (n = 7709) | Older (≥50 Years) (n = 643) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, years (SD) | 35 ± 8 | 33 ± 7 | 55 ± 5 | <.001 |
| Sex, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Male | 2856 (34.2) | 2486 (32.3) | 370 (57.5) | |
| Female | 5492 (65.8) | 5219 (67.7) | 273 (42.5) | |
| Missing | 4 (0.0) | 4 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Marital Status | <.001 | |||
| Single | 1665 (19.9) | 1660 (21.5) | 5 (0.8) | |
| Married | 4471 (53.5) | 4079 (53.0) | 392 (60.9) | |
| Widowed | 1499 (18.0) | 1296 (16.8) | 203 (31.6) | |
| Divorced/Separated | 707 (8.5) | 664 (8.6) | 43 (6.7) | |
| Missing | 10 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Educational Level Attained | <.001 | |||
| No Formal Education | 1400 (16.8) | 1167 (15.1) | 233 (36.2) | |
| Primary | 1689 (20.2) | 1547 (20.0) | 142 (22.1) | |
| Secondary | 2475 (29.6) | 2415 (31.3) | 60 (9.3) | |
| Tertiary | 2692 (32.2) | 2509 (32.6) | 183 (28.5) | |
| Missing | 96 (1.2) | 71 (1.0) | 25 (3.9) | |
| WHO Stage | .09 | |||
| I | 2757 (33.0) | 2565 (33.27) | 192 (29.8) | |
| II | 2698 (32.3) | 2491 (32.31) | 207 (32.2) | |
| III | 2174 (26.0) | 1993 (25.85) | 181 (28.2) | |
| IV | 465 (5.6) | 418 (5.42) | 47 (7.3) | |
| Missing | 258 (3.1) | 242 (3.14) | 16 (2.5) | |
| WHO Stage III/IV | 2639 (31.6) | 2411 (31.2) | 228 (35.4) | .02 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 21.5 (19.3–24.0) | 21.5 (19.3–23.9) | 22.0 (19.7–24.9) | .0007 |
| BMIb Class | .002 | |||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 1128 (16.1) | 1046 (16.2) | 82 (15.0) | |
| Ideal weight (18.5–24.9) | 4590 (65.5) | 4260 (66.0) | 330 (60.3) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1035 (14.8) | 925 (14.3) | 110 (20.1) | |
| Obese ≥30 | 250 (3.6) | 225 (3.5) | 25 (4.6) | |
| Baseline CD4+ Cell Count | ||||
| Median (IQR) | 136 (71–201) | 136 (72–201) | 139 (69–200) | .75 |
| % With CD4 <200 | 5941 (71.1) | 5480 (71.1) | 461 (71.7) | .74 |
| Median baseline HIV RNA (cp/mL) (IQR) | 53 253 (12 743–174 358) |
52 527 (12 533–170 899) |
70 733 (18 025–212 684) |
.003 |
| Baseline Hemoglobin | ||||
| Median, g/dL (IQR) | 11.0 (10–13) | 11.0 (10–13) | 12 (10–13) | .008 |
| <8 g/dL, n (%) | 459 (5.5) | 433 (5.6) | 26 (4.0) | .09 |
| Baseline ALT, median (IQR)-IU/L | 24 (16–39) | 25 (16–39) | 24 (16–36) | .22 |
| Baseline serum creatinine, median (IQR)-µmol/L | 81.0 (65.2–101.3) |
80.2 (64.9–100.7) |
91.3 (70.5–113.1) |
<.001 |
| Median eGFRa, mLs/min per1.73 m2 (IQR) | 96.4 (74.9–116.6) | 97.9 (76.2–118.0) | 80.9 (63.9–101.0) | <.001 |
| HBsAg at baseline, n (%) | <.001 | |||
| Positive | 1232 (14.7) | 1168 (15.1) | 64 (9.9) | |
| Negative | 4975 (59.6) | 4554 (59.1) | 421 (65.5) | |
| Missing | 2145 (25.7) | 1987 (25.8) | 158 (24.6) | |
| Anti-HCVab at baseline, n (%) | .001 | |||
| Positive | 911 (10.9) | 811 (10.5) | 100 (15.6) | |
| Negative | 5294 (63.4) | 4908 (63.7) | 386 (60.0) | |
| Missing | 2142 (25.7) | 1990 (25.8) | 157 (24.4) | |
| Hypertension at baseline, n (%) | 136 (1.6) | 85 (1.1) | 51 (7.9) | <.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes at baseline, n (%) | 34 (0.3) | 21 (0.3) | 13 (2.0) | <.001 |
| Year of cART initiation | .28 | |||
| 2004 | 163 (2.0) | 155 (2.0) | 8 (1.2) | |
| 2005 | 1922 (23.0) | 1775 (23.0) | 147 (22.9) | |
| 2005 | 2200 (26.4) | 2037 (26.4) | 163 (25.3) | |
| 2007 | 1682 (20.1) | 1544 (20.0) | 138 (21.5) | |
| 2008 | 1450 (17.4) | 1339 (17.4) | 111 (17.3) | |
| 2009 | 846 (10.1) | 772 (10.0) | 74 (11.5) | |
| 2010 | 85 (1.0) | 83 (1.1) | 2 (0.3) | |
| NRTI Backbone in cART | <.001 | |||
| Zidovudine (AZT) | 4130 (49.4) | 3847 (49.9) | 283 (44.0) | |
| Tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF) | 1816 (21.8) | 1626 (21.0) | 190 (29.5) | |
| Stavudine (d4T) | 951 (11.4) | 888 (11.5) | 63 (9.8) | |
| Abacavir (ABC) | 238 (2.8) | 222 (2.9) | 16 (2.5) | |
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; cART, combination antiretroviral therapy; CKD-EPI, chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HCVab, hepatitis C virus antibody; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IQR, interquartile range; NRTI, nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor; RNA, ribonucleic acid; SD, standard deviation; WHO, World Health Organization.
aEstimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI formula.
bBody mass index.