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. 2011 Jun 20;5(6):e535–e543. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00269.x

Table 1.

 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with influenza pneumonia compared to patients with influenza but without pneumonia

Influenza without pneumonia (n = 27) Primary influenza pneumonia (n = 39) Concomitant/secondary bacterial pneumonia (n = 15) P‐value
Age, mean ± SD 36·6 ± 16·3 43·1 ± 19·6 51·1 ± 23·8 0.08
Sex (male), no. (%) 6 (22·2) 16 (41·0) 9 (64·3) 0.05
Influenza vaccination during 2008–2009 season, no. (%) 7 (25·9) 4 (10·3) 2 (13·3) 0.22
Body mass index, mean ± SD 23·2 ± 3·2 23·8 ± 3·1 22·6 ± 3·7 0.48
CURB‐65 score ≥2, no. (%) 7 (17·9) 8 (53·3) 0.02
APACHE II score, mean ± SD 12·7 ± 3·7 12·4 ± 3·9 0.82
Hypoxia (PO2 < 60 mmHg at room air) 7 (17·9) 5 (33·3) 0.28
Comorbidities, no. (%) 7 (25·9) 11 (28·2) 8 (53·3) 0.15
 Asthma 2 (7·4) 4 (10·3) 3 (20·0) 0.45
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (13·3) 0.01
 Interstitial lung diseases 0 (0) 0 (0) 1 (6·7) 0.11
 Cardiovascular diseases 1 (3·7) 3 (7·7) 1 (6·7) 0.8
 Diabetes 2 (7·4) 5 (12·8) 3 (20·0) 0.49
 Chronic renal failure 0 (0) 2 (5·1) 1 (6·7) 0.44
 Liver cirrhosis 0 (0) 1 (2·6) 0 (0) 0.58
 Malignancy 0 (0) 2 (5·1) 2 (13·3) 0.44
 Transplantation 1 (3·7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.36
 Neurologic diseases 1 (3·7) 0 (0) 1 (6·7) 0.32
 Immunosuppressant use 2 (7·4) 1 (2·6) 0 (0) 0.42
Duration of symptoms before hospital visit, mean ± SD 2·5 ± 1·2a 3·6 ± 2·2a 5·0 ± 3·5b <0.01
Initial symptoms and signs, no. (%)
 Fever 25 (92·6) 35 (89·7) 12 (80·0) 0.45
 Myalgia 20 (74·1) 20 (51·3) 4 (26·7) 0.01
 Headache 14 (51·9) 12 (30·8) 1 (6·7) 0.01
 Sore throat 19 (70·4) 20 (51·3) 6 (40·0) 0.13
 Cough 26 (96·3) 39 (100) 15 (100) 0.36
 Sputum 6 (22·2) 19 (48·7) 11 (73·3) 0.01
 Hemoptysis 0 (0) 1 (2·6) 1 (6·7) 0.41
 Dyspnea 10 (37·0) 21 (53·8) 10 (66·7) 0.16
 Chest pain 1 (3·7) 8 (20·5) 3 (20·0) 0.14
 Nasal symptoms 17 (63·0) 17 (43·6) 3 (20·0) 0.03
 Nausea/vomiting 7 (25·9) 6 (15·4) 1 (6·7) 0.26
 Diarrhea 5 (18·5) 2 (5·1) 1 (6·7) 0.18
 Gross hematuria 1 (3·7) 1 (2·6) 0 (0) 0.76
 Crackle 0 (0) 15 (38·5) 8 (53·3) <0.01
 Wheezing 9 (33·3) 8 (20·5) 7 (46·7) 0.15
Death in hospital, no. (%) 0 (0) 0 (0) 2 (13·3) 0.01
Treatment defervescence interval (days), mean ± SD 1·1 ± 0·4 1·6 ± 1·0 1·7 ± 1·2 0.07
Duration of hospitalization, mean ± SD 4·1 ± 1·3a 8·4 ± 6·7a 14·5 ± 14·2b <0.01
ICU admission, no. (%) 10 (25·6) 7 (46·7) 0.19
Duration of ICU admission, mean ± SD 2·0 ± 4·0 4·3 ± 5·9 0.12
Mechanical ventilation, no. (%) 3 (7·7) 4 (26·7) 0.09
Shock requiring vasopressors or inotropes, no. (%) 0 (0) 3 (20·0) 0.02

The same superscript letters indicate a non‐significant difference between groups based on Tukey’s multiple comparison test.

APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; ICU, intensive care unit.