Table 1.
Characteristics of children hospitalized with pandemic H1N1 influenza, Madrid, 2009
| Number of cases | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Female | 205 | 40 |
| Male | 312 | 60 |
| Age group | ||
| <1 year | 99 | 19 |
| 1–5 years | 210 | 41 |
| 5–11 years | 155 | 30 |
| 11–14 years | 53 | 10 |
| Clinical signs and symptoms | ||
| Fever | 500 | 97 |
| Upper respiratory tract manifestations | ||
| Cough | 455 | 88 |
| Rhinorrhea | 369 | 72 |
| Odynophagia | 62 | 12 |
| Breathing difficulty | 258 | 50 |
| General symptoms | ||
| Headache | 54 | 11 |
| Myalgias | 43 | 9 |
| Irritability/malaise | 196 | 38 |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | ||
| Vomiting | 144 | 28 |
| Diarrhea | 69 | 14 |
| Chest radiograph | 432 | 84 |
| Interstitial pneumonia | 187 | 43 |
| Lobar or segmental consolidation | 94 | 22 |
| Other radiologic findings (atelectasis, pleural effusion) | 19 | 4 |
| Normal | 132 | 31 |
| Treatment | ||
| Oseltamivir | 389 | 76 |
| Antibiotics | 264 | 52 |
| Bronchodilators | 244 | 48 |
| Oxygen supplementation | 221 | 43 |
| Intravenous fluid therapy | 204 | 40 |
| Underlying health conditions* | 142 | 27·5 |
| Moderate or severe persistent asthma | 35 | 6·8 |
| Other chronic lung disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, obliterant bronchiolitis) | 19 | 3·7 |
| Immunosuppression (because of underlying disease and/or therapy) or immunodeficiency | 36 | 7 |
| Neurological or neuromuscular disorders | 30 | 5·8 |
| Heart disease | 27 | 5·2 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 | 1 |
| Chronic renal disease | 4 | 0·8 |
| Morbid obesity | 3 | 0·6 |
| Hemoglobinopathy | 3 | 0·6 |
| Complications † | 132 | 26 |
| Confirmed or suspected bacterial pneumonia | 72 | 14·5 |
| Severe bronchospasm | 16 | 3·1 |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 12 | 2·3 |
| Seizures | 7 | 1·4 |
| Acute otitis media | 7 | 1·4 |
| Clinical sepsis | 4 | 0·8 |
| Encephalopathy | 3 | 0·6 |
| Other‡ | 19 | 3·7 |
*Children may have had more than one of the conditions listed; percentage represents the number with each condition over the total number of children (n = 517).
†Children may have had more than one of the complications listed; percentage represents the number with each condition over the total number of children (n = 517).
‡Severe laryngitis (2), decompensation of heart disease (2), bacteremia (2), hepatitis (2), hemolytic crises (1), Stevens–Johnson syndrome (1), urinary tract infection (1), acute tonsillopharyngitis (1), erosive gastritis (1), dehydration (1), hyponatremia (1), incomplete Kawasaki disease (1), myositis (1), pneumothorax (1), and interstitial lung disease (1).