Table 2.
Long-term conditions in those with and without COPD
| Control n=494 323 count (%) |
Self-report COPD n=8317 count (%) |
GOLD COPD | ||||
| All n=2620 count (%) |
Mild n=399 count (%) |
Moderate n=1409 count (%) |
Severe n=812 count (%) |
|||
| Total comorbidities (excluding COPD) | ||||||
| ≥4 | 19 959 (4.0) | 1389 (16.7)** | 331 (12.6)** | 46 (11.5) | 191 (13.5) | 94 (11.6) |
| Total number of medications | ||||||
| ≥1 | 356 406 (72.1) | 7670 (92.2)** | 2452 (93.6)** | 352 (88.2) | 1321 (93.8) | 779 (95.9) |
| ≥5 | 87 286 (17.7) | 4312 (51.8)** | 1349 (51.5)** | 171 (42.9) | 702 (49.8) | 476 (58.6) |
| ≥10 | 10 678 (2.2) | 1269 (15.3)** | 329 (12.6)** | 31 (7.8) | 172 (12.2) | 126 (15.5) |
| Prevalence of comorbidities | ||||||
| Cardiovascular | 152 891 (30.9) | 3957 (47.6)** | 1156 (44.1)** | 142 (35.6) | 611 (43.4) | 403 (49.6) |
| Hypertension | 130 119 (26.3) | 3206 (38.5)** | 916 (35.0)** | 112 (28.1) | 483 (34.3) | 321 (39.5) |
| CHD | 21 560 (4.4) | 1171 (14.1)** | 315 (12.0) ** | 31 (7.6) | 185 (13.1) | 99 (12.2) |
| Diabetes | 24 737 (5.0) | 766 (9.1)** | 189 (7.2)** | 16 (4.0) | 109 (7.7) | 64 (7.9) |
| Stroke/TIA | 8459 (1.7) | 395 (4.7)** | 98 (3.7)** | 11 (2.8) | 51 (3.6) | 36 (4.4) |
| AF | 3552 (0.7) | 99 (1.2)** | 34 (1.3)** | 3 (0.8) | 16 (1.1) | 15 (1.8) |
| Heart failure | 768 (0.2) | 35 (0.4)** | 6 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.6) |
| Respiratory | ||||||
| Asthma | 55 245 (11.2) | 3048 (36.6)** | 984 (37.6)** | 142 (35) | 523 (37.1) | 319 (39.3) |
| Pulmonary embolus | 4354 (0.9) | 264 (3.2)** | 65 (2.5)** | 12 (3.0) | 32 (2.2) | 21 (2.5) |
| Bronchiectasis | 968 (0.2) | 167 (2.0)** | 39 (1.5)** | 7 (1.8) | 17 (1.2) | 15 (1.8) |
| Pulmonary fib | 504 (0.1) | 67 (0.8)** | 18 (0.7)** | 3 (0.8) | 12 (0.9) | 3 (0.4) |
| Cancer | 37 686 (7.6) | 937 (11.3) | 272 (10.4) | 47 (11.8) | 146 (10.4) | 79 (9.7) |
| Lung | 405 (0.1) | 52 (0.6)** | 15 (0.6)** | 0 | 7 (0.5) | 8 (1.0) |
| Breast | 11 311 (2.3) | 210 (2.5)* | 57 (2.2) | 12 (3.0) | 30 (2.1) | 15 (1.8) |
| Prostate | 3588 (0.7) | 105 (1.3)** | 30 (1.1)* | 5 (1.3) | 12 (0.9) | 13 (1.6) |
| Gastrointestinal | 2925 (0.6) | 96 (1.2)** | 34 (1.3)** | 6 (1.5) | 19 (1.3) | 9 (1.1) |
| Haem | 6170 (1.2) | 124 (1.5)* | 34 (1.3) | 5 (1.3) | 17 (1.2) | 12 (1.5) |
| Gastrointestinal | 55 635 (11.5) | 1737 (20.9)** | 468 (17.9)** | 76 (19.0) | 254 (18.0) | 138 (17.0) |
| Dyspepsia | 37 819 (7.7) | 1257 (15.1)** | 348 (13.3)** | 53 (13.3) | 189 (13.4) | 106 (13.1) |
| Diverticular disease | 5181 (1.0) | 224 (2.7)** | 54 (2.1)** | 6 (1.5) | 32 (2.3) | 16 (2.0) |
| IBS | 11 203 (2.3) | 291 (3.5)** | 64 (2.4)** | 17 (4.3) | 35 (2.5) | 12 (1.5) |
| CLD | 935 (0.2) | 36 (0.4)** | 10 (0.4)* | 2 (0.5) | 10 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| Mental health | 35 822 (7.2) | 1127 (13.6)** | 304 (11.6)** | 54 (13.5) | 162 (11.5) | 88 (10.8) |
| Depression | 27 578 (5.6) | 901 (10.8)** | 233 (8.9)** | 42 (10.5) | 128 (9.1) | 63 (7.8) |
| Anxiety | 8781 (1.8) | 245 (2.9)** | 69 (2.6)** | 13 (3.3) | 36 (2.6) | 20 (2.5) |
| Schizophrenia / bipolar | 1918 (0.4) | 79 (0.9)** | 27 (1.0)** | 3 (0.7) | 15 (1.1) | 9 (1.1) |
| Other | ||||||
| Other painful | 81 733 (16.5) | 2259 (27.2)** | 655 (25.0)** | 115 (28.8) | 367 (26.0) | 173 (21.3) |
| Osteoporosis | 7700 (1.6) | 342 (4.1)** | 128 (4.9) ** | 21 (5.3) | 67 (4.8) | 40 (4.9) |
| Connective tissue disease | 10 642 (2.2) | 391 (4.7)** | 112 (4.3)** | 19 (4.8) | 72 (5.1) | 21 (2.6) |
Compared with control (χ2): *P<0.05; **P<0.001.
AF, atrial fibrillation; CHD, coronary heart disease; CLD, chronic liver disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; TIA, transient ischaemic attack.