Table 2.

Adjunctive therapy administered after the onset of neurological symptoms of ECM

Author, year, reference	Adjuvant Therapy	Route of administration	Outcome of treatment administered after neurological symptoms
Inmunomodulation
Waknine-Grinberg et al. 2013, [124]	Glucocorticosteroids in liposomes	i.v. injection	Improved survival, prevented ECM symptoms, improved clinical scores
Dende et al. 2015, [127]	Curcumin	oral gavage	Improved survival, reduced parasitemia
Neuroprotection
Dai et al. 2012, [129]	Lithium chloride	injection (route not described)	Prevention of cognitive and motor deficits. Reduced long-term motor coordination impairment. No effect on survival or parasitemia
Cabrales et al. 2010, [130]	Nimodipine	i.p. injection	Improved survival, improved motor score, reduced pial vasoconstriction
Martins et al. 2013, [132]	Nimodipine	s.c. osmotic pumps	Improved survival, reduced BBB dysfunction, reduced inflammation
Delivering gaseous signaling
Orjuela-Sanchez et al. 2013, [133]	Glyceryl trinitrate	Transdermal patch	Improved survival, reversal of pial arteriolar vasoconstriction
Improving endothelial function
Higgins et al. 2016 [140]	Recombinant human Ang-1	s.c. injection	Improved survival, prevents worsening of clinical outcomes, reduced cerebrovascular leak
Wilson et al. 2013, [141]	Atorvastatin	i.p. injection	Improved survival, reduced systemic and cerebral inflammation, reduces endothelial activation and reduced cerebrovascular leak
Dwivedi H et al. 2016, [145]	Vitamin D	i.m. injection	Improved survival, reduced cerebrovascular leak, reduced inflammation

CQ chloroquine, ECM experimental cerebral malaria, i.m. intramuscular, IV intravenous, NO nitric oxide, s.c. subcutaneous, SM severe malaria, UM uncomplicated malaria