Table 3.
The risk factors associated with patient and health care system delay in TB patients in Tabriz, Iran 2012-2014 (N = 173)
| Number (%) | Patient delaya | Health care system delayb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factors | N (%)c | Crude OR (95% CI) | N (%)c | Crude OR (95% CI) | |
| Gender | |||||
| Female† | 85 (49.1) | 33 (38.8) | 1 | 48 (56.5) | 1 |
| Male | 88 (50.9) | 53 (60.2) | 2.28 (1.29 to 4.39)* | 37 (42.0) | 0.55 (0.30 to 1.022) |
| Age group | |||||
| ≤ 30† | 41 (23.7) | 16 (39) | 1 | 21 (51.2) | 1 |
| > 30 | 132 (76.3) | 70 (53) | 1.76 (0.86 to 3.60) | 64 (48.5) | 1.11 (0.55 to 2.24) |
| Education | |||||
| Illiterate/W&Rd † | 79 (45.7) | 40 (50.6) | 1 | 41 (51.9) | 1 |
| Primary-Secondary | 55 (31.8) | 29 (52.7) | 1.08 (0.54 to 2.16) | 23 (41.8) | 0.66 (0.33 to 1.33) |
| University/Higher | 39 (22.5) | 17 (43.6) | 0.75 (0.348 to 1.63) | 21 (53.8) | 1.08 (0.501 to 2.333) |
| Occupation | |||||
| Unemployed† | 84 (48.6) | 40 (47.8) | 1 | 47 (56.0) | 1 |
| Employed | 19 (11.0) | 16 (84.2) | 5.86 (1.59 to 21.64) * | 8 (42.1) | 0.57 (0.20 to 1.56) |
| Student | 14 (8.1) | 2 (14.3) | 0.18 (0.03 to 0.87) * | 11 (78.6) | 2.88 (0.75 to 11.10) |
| Retired | 36 (20.8) | 18 (15.0) | 1.10 (0.50 to 2.40) | 12 (33.3) | 0.39 (0.17 to 0.89) * |
| Farmer | 20 (11.6) | 10 (50.0) | 1.10 (0.415 to 2.91) | 7 (35.0) | 0.42 (0.154 to 1.16) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married† | 106 (61.2) | 52 (49.5) | 1 | 47 (44.3) | 1 |
| Single | 29 (16.8) | 14 (48.3) | 0.96 (0.42 to 2.20) | 15 (51.7) | 1.34 (0.59 to 3.06) |
| Divorced | 6 (3.5) | 5 (83.3) | 5.19 (0.58 to 45.95) | 3 (50.0) | 1.25 (0.24 to 6.50) |
| Widow/death | 32 (18.5) | 15 (46.9) | 0.91 (0.41 to 2.02) | 20 (62.5) | 2.09 (0.92 to 4.71) |
| Smoking | |||||
| Never† | 70 (40.5) | 3 (45.7) | 1 | 34 (48.6) | 1 |
| Current | 75 (43.4) | 39 (52.0) | 1.28 (0.67 to 2.47) | 38 (50.7) | 1.08 (0.56 to 2.08) |
| Ex-smoker | 28 (16.2) | 15 (53.6) | 1.37 (0.56 to 3.30) | 13 (46.4) | 0.91 (0.38 to 2.208) |
| Household size | |||||
| < =3 people† | 67 (38.7) | 38 (56.7) | 1 | 30 (44.8) | 1 |
| > 3 people | 106 (61.3) | 48 (45.3) | 1.58 (0.85 to 2.93) | 55 (51.9) | 0.75 (0.40 to 1.38) |
| History of TB contact | |||||
| Yes† | 35 (20.2) | 13 (37.1) | 1 | 13 (37.1) | 1 |
| No | 138 (79.8) | 73 (52.1) | 1.901 (0.88 to 4.07) | 72 (52.2) | 1.84 (0.86 to 3.95) |
| First misdiagnosis | |||||
| Cold or viral infection | |||||
| No† | 71 (41.0) | 39 (54.9) | 1 | 26 (35.2) | 1 |
| Yes | 102 (59.0) | 47 (46.1) | 1.42 (0.77 to 2.62) | 60 (58.8) | 2.61 (1.40 to 4.91)* |
| Asthma | |||||
| No† | 160 (92.5) | 80 (50.0) | 1 | 77 (48.1) | 1 |
| Yes | 13 (7.5) | 6 (46.2) | 1.16 (0.37 to 3.62) | 8 (51.5) | 0.58 (0.18 to 1.84) |
| COPD | |||||
| No† | 163 (94.2) | 82 (50.3) | 1 | 80 (49.1) | 1 |
| Yes | 10 (5.8) | 4 (40.0) | 1.51 (0.41 to 5.58) | 5 (50.0) | 0.96 (0.26 to 3.45) |
| The number of attending health care facilities | |||||
| < 3† | 65 (41.4) | 36 (55.4) | 1 | 15 (18.1) | 1 |
| ≥ 3 | 93 (58.6) | 37 (50.7) | 0.54 (0.28 to 1.03) | 68 (81.9) | 9.44 (4.50 to 19.82)** |
| Center of first contact | |||||
| Traditional healer† | 6 (3.5) | 3 (50) | 1 | 4 (66.7) | 1 |
| Public | 77 (44.5) | 51 (66.2) | 2.64 (1.01 to 6.85)* | 36 (46.8) | 0.43 (0.7 to 2.5) |
| Private | 90 (52.0) | 32 (35.6) | 0.55 (0.10 to 2.89) | 45 (50.0) | 0.50 (0.08 to 2.8) |
| Level of health care facilities | |||||
| PHCe† | 83 (48.0) | 44 (53.0) | 1 | 43 (51.8) | 1 |
| SHCf | 71 (41.0) | 34 (47.9) | 0.81 (0.43 to 1.53) | 31 (43.7) | 0.72 (0.38 to 1.36) |
| THCg | 19 (11.0) | 8 (42.1) | 0.64 (0.23 to 1.76) | 11 (57.9) | 1.27 (0.46 to 3.50) |
| Financial affordability for diagnostic tests | |||||
| Yes† | 66 (38.2) | 39 (59.1) | 1 | 20 (30.3) | 1 |
| No | 107 (61.8) | 47 (43.1) | 0.54 (0.29 to 1.01) | 65 (60.7) | 3.56 (1.85 to 6.83)** |
†Reference category, aPatient delay > 13 days, bHealth care system delay> 52 days, cAll percentages are reported within dependent variables (associated risk factors), dWriting and reading, *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001, ePrimary Health Care, fSecondary Health Care, gTertiary Health care
P-values are based on binomial logistic regression. OR indicates odds ratio, CI confidence interval