Table 2.
Characteristics and related factors of violence against women with infertility in included studies
| Ref. no. | Sampling method, setting | n | Mean age (year) | Type and distribution of infertile women | Violence scale used (questionnaire) | Prevalence of violence (%) | Significant risk factors associated with violence | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical | Psychological | Sexual | Total | |||||||
| 29 | NM, infertility clinics (Karachi) | 400 | 15–35 | Primary & secondary | AAS | 23.1% | - | - | 278 (64%) | Husband low education, husband unemployment status, women with no live children, women with no have son |
| 36 | Convenience sampling, RHRC (Tabriz) | 200 | 31.1 | Primary | VAW | 45% | 82% | 54% | - | - |
| 5 | NM. RHRC (Tehran) | 400 | NM | Primary | CTS2 | 14% | 33.8% | 8% | 247 (61.8%) | Husband unemployment, husband less than secondary education, coercive marriage |
| 33 | Convenience sampling, infertility center (Tehran) | 400 | 30.50 | Primary & secondary | DV | 5.3% | 74.3% | 47.3% | - (34.7%) | Unwanted marriage, married younger 1, longer marriage duration 2, marriage dissatisfaction 3, number of IVFs, had microinjection 4, weak mental state 5, drug abuse,-Mental and physical, emotional status of the women, smoking and addiction, husband behavioral disorder 6, drug abuse of the spouse 7, diseases of the husband8, other ethnic of husband respect to wife(Tehran) 9 |
| 34 | NM, RHRC (Tehran) | 400 | 30.09 | Primary | CTS2 | 14% | 33.8% | - | 191 (47.8%) | Husband education lower than secondary education, coercive marriage, husband unemployment |
| 41 | Convenient, IVFC (Ankara) | 139 | 29.8 | Primary | SDVW | - | - | - | - | Infertility duration (> 6 years), infertility treatment (>3 years) |
| 38 | Consecutive sampling, gynecology obstetric clinic (Ado-Ekiti) | 170 | NM | Primary & secondary | WHO –V* | - | - | - | 53 (31.2%) | Unemployment, legality of marriage, polygamous marriage, Husbands’ smoking & alcohol habits, primary infertility, Prolonged duration of infertility(>5 years)2 |
| 35 | Random Sampling, infertility center (Urmia) | 384 | NM | Primary | Onat –VAW* (High score mean means high violence) | - | - | - | - | Age of wife & husband, primary and lower education of wife & husband, lengthening the duration of marriage, lengthening the awareness of the infertility |
| 39 | Systematic sampling, AKTH (Kano) | 373 | 28.0 | Primary (37%), | IPV | 18.7% | 94.0% | 82.8% | 134 (35.95) | Lack of formal education, employment in the informal sector, unemployed spouse, low level of education of husband or wife |
| 32 | Multistage sampling, infertility center (Tehran) | 410 | 30.50 | Secondary (63%) | IPV | - | 74.3% | - | - | Physical diseases of spouse, ethnicity of spouse, duration of marriage (>5year), duration of infertility (>48month), microinjection Attempts, frequency of IVF Attempts (>2)1, threats of divorce, neurological diseases of spouse, physical diseases of spouse, spouse addiction, age of spouse |
| 37 | Comparative-study, random sampling (Mashhad) | 200 | - | 100 (infertile) 100 (fertile) | VF | - | - | - | - | No significant relationships between sexual disorder and wife abuse against infertile women. |
| 31 | Comparative study, Infertility center (Isfahan) | 131 | 27.5 | 131 (women), 131 (men) | PASNP | - | - | - | - | Female factor (p<0.05), significant difference in the mean scores of perceived non-physical partner abuse and factor of infertility |
| 28 | Consecutive, infertility clinic (Hong Kong) | 500 | NM | - | AAS | 33.3% | 55.6% | - | 9 (1.8%) | The lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence was 1.8% (9/500) |
| 40 | convenience sampling, IVFC (Ankara) | 228 | 29.54 | 204 (fertile), 228 (infertile) | SDVW | - | - | - | - | Women’s’ educational status (41), female & unexplained infertility |
| 30 | convenience sampling, infertility centers (Andhra Pradesh) | 200 | NM | Primary & secondary | CTS2 | 8% | - | - | - | Parents-in-law (17.5%) considered their infertile daughters-in-law are inauspicious for executing religious and ceremonial rites |
| 16 | --- | --- | ---- | ----- | Review article | - | -- | --- | - | Infertility/subfertility is associated with IPV in low- and middle-income countries |
NM: Not Mentioned, AAS: Abuse Assessment Screen, RHRC: Reproductive Health Research Center, VAW: Violence Against Women (a combination of questionnaires in other studies including Abuse Assessment Screen, Abusive Behavior Inventory, Composite Abuse Scale (CAS), Measure of Wife Abuse, Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS-2) and Severity of Violence Against Women Scale), CTS2: Revised Conflict Tactics Scales Questionnaire, SDVW: Scale For Marital Violence Against Women, IVFC: In Vitro Fertilization Center, DV: Domestic Violence, WHO-V: 3 Semi-Structured Questionnaire on Violence Adapted from a Validated WHO Screening Tool on Violence, IPV: intimate partner violence, AKTH: Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Onat-VAW: this questionnaire specifically measures violence against infertile women that designed by Onat (2014) in turkey and also Persian validity and reliability assessed. VF: Violence in family, PASNP: Partner abuse scale Non-physical.