Table 2.
Percentage of women in worst category of sleep measures according to participant characteristics
| Baseline Characteristic | Sample Size |
Sleep Duration < 7 hours |
WASO ≥ 75th percentilea |
Sleep Fragmentation Index ≥ 75th percentilea |
Sleep Midpoint > 5 AM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| n (%) | p-valueb | n (%) | p-valueb | n (%) | p-valueb | n (%) | p-valueb | ||
|
| |||||||||
| Overall | 782 | 218 (27.9) | 196 (25.1) | 196 (25.1) | 148 (18.9) | ||||
| Maternal age, in years | |||||||||
| <22 | 148 | 41 (27.7) | 0.9571 | 60 (40.5) | <.0001 | 56 (37.8) | 0.0001 | 57 (38.5) | <.0001 |
| 22 to 35 | 573 | 159 (27.7) | 121 (21.1) | 122 (21.3) | 86 (15.0) | ||||
| >35 | 61 | 18 (29.5) | 15 (24.6) | 18 (29.5) | 5 (8.2) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White Non-Hispanic | 496 | 110 (22.2) | <.0001 | 89 (17.9) | <.0001 | 90 (18.1) | <.0001 | 64 (12.9) | <.0001 |
| Black Non-Hispanic | 92 | 40 (43.5) | 42 (45.7) | 47 (51.1) | 28 (30.4) | ||||
| Hispanic | 122 | 39 (32.0) | 42 (34.4) | 37 (30.3) | 40 (32.8) | ||||
| Asian | 28 | 14 (50.0) | 9 (32.1) | 8 (28.6) | 4 (14.3) | ||||
| Other | 44 | 15 (34.1) | 14 (31.8) | 14 (31.8) | 12 (27.3) | ||||
| BMI, in kg/m2 | |||||||||
| <25 | 412 | 109 (26.5) | 0.0209 | 89 (21.6) | 0.0086 | 92 (22.3) | 0.0241 | 68 (16.5) | 0.0110 |
| 25 to <30 | 194 | 46 (23.7) | 46 (23.7) | 47 (24.2) | 34 (17.5) | ||||
| ≥30 | 166 | 60 (36.1) | 56 (33.7) | 55 (33.1) | 45 (27.1) | ||||
| Employment/school status | |||||||||
| Employed and in school | 116 | 30 (25.9) | 0.9466 | 28 (24.1) | <.0001 | 25 (21.6) | 0.0382 | 14 (12.1) | <.0001 |
| Employed and not in school | 474 | 132 (27.8) | 99 (20.9) | 109 (23.0) | 57 (12.0) | ||||
| Unemployed and in school | 48 | 14 (29.2) | 20 (41.7) | 14 (29.2) | 14 (29.2) | ||||
| Unemployed and not in school | 104 | 27 (26.0) | 42 (40.4) | 37 (35.6) | 47 (45.2) | ||||
| Below Poverty Level | |||||||||
| Yes | 179 | 49 (27.4) | 0.6457 | 72 (40.2) | <.0001 | 61 (34.1) | <.0001 | 55 (30.7) | <.0001 |
| No | 461 | 118 (25.6) | 71 (15.4) | 85 (18.4) | 42 (9.1) | ||||
| Education status | |||||||||
| Less than high school | 28 | 8 (28.6) | 0.3623 | 16 (57.1) | <.0001 | 12 (42.9) | <.0001 | 12 (42.9) | <.0001 |
| Completed high school or GED | 89 | 29 (32.6) | 40 (44.9) | 42 (47.2) | 43 (48.3) | ||||
| Some college | 176 | 55 (31.3) | 53 (30.1) | 45 (25.6) | 44 (25.0) | ||||
| Associate or technical degree | 87 | 25 (28.7) | 26 (29.9) | 22 (25.3) | 14 (16.1) | ||||
| Completed college | 210 | 59 (28.1) | 39 (18.6) | 45 (21.4) | 26 (12.4) | ||||
| Degree work beyond college | 192 | 42 (21.9) | 22 (11.5) | 30 (15.6) | 9 (4.7) | ||||
| Smoked during 3 months prior to pregnancy: | |||||||||
| Yes | 113 | 38 (33.6) | 0.1405 | 38 (33.6) | 0.0231 | 39 (34.5) | 0.0122 | 46 (40.7) | <.0001 |
| No | 669 | 180 (26.9) | 158 (23.6) | 157 (23.5) | 102 (15.2) | ||||
| Frequent snoring before pregnancyc: | |||||||||
| Yes | 96 | 29 (30.2) | 0.4749 | 29 (30.2) | 0.1386 | 28 (29.2) | 0.1925 | 25 (26.0) | 0.0130 |
| No | 573 | 153 (26.7) | 133 (23.2) | 132 (23.0) | 90 (15.7) | ||||
| Employment schedulec: | |||||||||
| Regular day shift | 441 | 121 (27.4) | 0.9895 | 80 (18.1) | <.0001 | 92 (20.9) | 0.0044 | 21 (4.8) | <.0001 |
| Some form of shift workd | 148 | 41 (27.7) | 47 (31.8) | 42 (28.4) | 50 (33.8) | ||||
| Unemployed | 152 | 41 (27.0) | 62 (40.8) | 51 (33.6) | 61 (40.1) | ||||
| Ever diagnosed with sleep apneac: | |||||||||
| Yes | 12 | 4 (33.3) | 0.7447 | 5 (41.7) | 0.1955 | 6 (50.0) | 0.0837 | 5 (41.7) | 0.0441 |
| No/Don't know | 724 | 198 (27.3) | 183 (25.3) | 178 (24.6) | 125 (17.3) | ||||
| Ever diagnosed with insomniac: | |||||||||
| Yes | 28 | 6 (21.4) | 0.6657 | 9 (32.1) | 0.5074 | 8 (28.6) | 0.6594 | 10 (35.7) | 0.0194 |
| No/Don't know | 709 | 196 (27.6) | 180 (25.4) | 177 (25.0) | 120 (16.9) | ||||
| Ever diagnosed with restless legs syndromec: | |||||||||
| Yes | 10 | 1 (10.0) | 0.2999 | 4 (40.0) | 0.2871 | 2 (20.0) | 1.0000 | 2 (20.0) | 0.6923 |
| No/Don't know | 726 | 201 (27.7) | 184 (25.3) | 182 (25.1) | 128 (17.6) | ||||
a
A cutoff of 56.0 minutes for WASO is the upper 25th percentile. A cutoff of 21.4% for sleep fragmentation is the upper 25th percentile.
b
P-values are shown from Chi-square tests.
c
Data collected by survey done as part of the nuMoM2b parent study, administered between 60–150 weeks of pregnancy
d
Self-reported usual work schedule described as one of the following: night shift, split shift, afternoon shift, irregular shift/on call or rotating shift