Table 4.

Association of sleep duration and timing with gestational diabetes^a

Sleep Characteristic Categories	Gestational Diabetes n/N (%)	Crude OR, Point Estimate (95% CI) N = 782	Adjusted OR, Point Estimate (95% CI), After Adjustment for:
			Age, linear & quadratic N = 782	BMI, linear & quadratic N = 772	Race/ethnicity (4 categories) N = 782	White, non- Hispanic (yes/no) N = 782	Frequent snoring (yes/no) N = 669	Employment Schedule (3 categories) N = 741
Sleep Duration <7 hours	15/218 (6.9)	2.24 (1.11, 4.53)	2.26 (1.12, 4.58)	2.12 (1.04, 4.30)	2.31 (1.13, 4.73)	2.25 (1.10, 4.60)	2.29 (0.97, 5.39)	2.42 (1.16, 5.06)
≥7 hours	18/564 (3.2)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
		p-value = 0.0246	p-value = 0.0232	p-value = 0.0380	p-value = 0.0220	p-value = 0.0266	p-value = 0.0586	p-value = 0.0190
Sleep Midpoint >5 AM	12/148 (8.1)	2.58 (1.24, 5.36)	3.87 (1.74, 8.59)	2.41 (1.15, 5.07)	2.61 (1.22, 5.57)	2.62 (1.23, 5.58)	2.84 (1.16, 6.99)	3.71 (1.50, 9.21)
≤5 AM	21/634 (3.3)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
		p-value = 0.0114	p-value = 0.0009	p-value = 0.0202	p-value = 0.0132	p-value = 0.0124	p-value = 0.0229	p-value = 0.0047

^aOdds ratios are given to show the association between gestational diabetes and the sleep characteristic, without consideration of covariates and with separate adjustment for: age; BMI; race/ethnicity categories; white, non-Hispanic race/ethnicity; frequent snoring noted before pregnancy; and employment schedule (regular day shift, some form of shift work, unemployed). For race/ethnicity, Asian and other are collapsed.