. 2017 Aug 21;125(8):087013. doi: 10.1289/EHP1249

Table 3.

Adjusted HRs (95% CIs)^a for nonlung cancer mortality per each fifth percentile–mean increment in air pollutant concentrations, single-pollutant models, CPS-II cohort, United States (1982–2004) ( $n = 623,048$ ).

Cancer cause of death	ICD 9; ICD10	Number of deaths	${PM}_{2.5}$		${NO}_{2}$		$O_{3}$
			Per $4.4 {μ g / m}^{3}$		Per $6.5 ppb$		Per $6.9 ppb$
			HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI	HR	95% CI
Tongue and mouth	141, 143–145; C01–C06	262	1.03	0.84, 1.26	0.98	0.80, 1.19	0.93	0.74, 1.18
Salivary gland	142; C07–C08	58	0.93	0.61, 1.44	1.00	0.67, 1.48	1.44	0.91, 2.30
Pharynx	146–149; C09–C14	243	0.88	0.70, 1.10	0.86	0.69, 1.08	1.11	0.86, 1.43
Esophagus	150; C15	1,180	1.02	0.93, 1.13	1.02	0.92, 1.12	0.97	0.87, 1.08
Stomach	151; C16	1,340	1.00	0.91, 1.09	1.05	0.96, 1.15	0.90	0.81, 0.99
Colorectal	153–154; C18–C21	6,475	1.04	1.00, 1.08	1.06	1.02, 1.10	0.95	0.91, 1.00
Liver	155; C22	1,003	1.05	0.94, 1.16	1.03	0.93, 1.14	0.98	0.87, 1.10
Gallbladder	156; C23–C24	403	1.03	0.87, 1.22	1.00	0.85, 1.17	0.95	0.78, 1.14
Pancreas	157; C25	3,812	0.98	0.92, 1.03	1.04	0.98, 1.09	0.91	0.86, 0.97
Nose	160; C30–C31	46	0.65	0.37, 1.16	0.82	0.47, 1.42	1.18	0.69, 2.04
Larynx	161; C32	223	1.04	0.84, 1.30	1.07	0.86, 1.32	0.96	0.74, 1.24
Bone	170; C40–C41	81	0.81	0.55, 1.20	0.97	0.68, 1.38	0.95	0.63, 1.43
Connective tissue	171; C47, C49	377	1.06	0.89, 1.26	1.04	0.88, 1.22	0.89	0.74, 1.08
Melanoma	172; C43	862	1.05	0.94, 1.17	0.97	0.87, 1.08	1.02	0.90, 1.15
Other skin	173; C44, C46	195	1.10	0.88, 1.38	0.90	0.72, 1.14	0.97	0.75, 1.24
Breast (female)^b	174–175; C50	3,844	1.03	0.97, 1.08	1.03	0.97, 1.08	0.99	0.93, 1.05
Uterus^b^,c	179, 182; C54–C55	611	1.04	0.91, 1.19	1.07	0.94, 1.22	0.98	0.84, 1.14
Cervix^b^,c	180; C53	115	1.34	0.98, 1.83	1.23	0.91, 1.66	1.01	0.69, 1.48
Ovary^b^,c,d	183; C56	987	1.03	0.93, 1.15	1.03	0.93, 1.14	1.01	0.90, 1.14
Prostate^b	185; C61	1,068	0.96	0.86, 1.06	1.01	0.92, 1.12	1.03	0.92, 1.15
Bladder	188; C67	1,324	1.13	1.03, 1.23	1.03	0.94, 1.12	1.03	0.93, 1.14
Kidney	189; C64–C66, C68	927	1.14	1.03, 1.27	0.99	0.89, 1.10	0.97	0.86, 1.09
Eye	190; C69	26	1.30	0.66, 2.53	1.14	0.57, 2.28	0.76	0.38, 1.53
Brain	191; C71	1,591	1.04	0.96, 1.14	0.99	0.92, 1.08	0.98	0.89, 1.08
Thyroid	193; C73	41	0.62	0.34, 1.12	1.24	0.75, 2.05	0.96	0.54, 1.71
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma	200, 202; C82–C85	2,840	1.00	0.94, 1.07	1.05	0.99, 1.12	0.98	0.92, 1.05
Hodgkin’s disease	201; C81	125	1.12	0.82, 1.54	1.16	0.87, 1.53	1.08	0.76, 1.53
Multiple myeloma	203; C88, C90	1,421	0.97	0.89, 1.07	1.00	0.92, 1.09	0.99	0.90, 1.09
Leukemia	204–208; C91–C95	2,584	1.01	0.94, 1.07	1.00	0.94, 1.07	0.92	0.85, 0.99

Note: CI, confidence interval; CPS-II, Cancer Prevention Study II; HR, hazard ratio; ICD-9, The International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision; ICD-10, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision; ${NO}_{2}$ , nitrogen dioxide; $O_{3}$ , ozone; ${PM}_{2.5}$ , particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $< 2.5 µ m$ .

^{^a}

Age, race/ethnicity, gender stratified and adjusted for baseline values of education; marital status; body mass index; body mass index squared; smoking status; cigarettes per day; cigarettes per day squared; duration of smoking; duration of smoking squared; age started smoking; passive smoking, vegetable/fruit/fiber consumption; fat consumption; beer, wine, liquor consumption; industrial exposures; occupation dirtiness index; and 1990 ecological covariates.

^{^b}

As above but not gender stratified. Analysis limited to 344,593 women for analysis of breast cancer mortality, 235,637 women for analysis of uterine or cervical cancer mortality, and 228,494 women for analysis of ovarian cancer mortality. Analysis limited to 278,455 men for analysis of prostate cancer mortality.

^{^c}

Women reporting a previous hysterectomy or an artificial menopause excluded here ( $n = 108,956$ ).

^{^d}

Women reporting having undergone an ovarian surgery also excluded here ( $n = 7,143$ ).