Table 4.

Associations of transportation noise exposure (IQR) with incident diabetes cases, further adjusted for environmental coexposures; AOR (95% CI).

Exposures	Environmental coexposures added to the model containing noise exposure (Lden)
	PM2.5 only	NO only	Black carbon only	Greenness only	Walkability only	PM2.5, greenness, walkability	NO, greenness, walkability	Black carbon, greenness, walkability
Model 1: Environmental coexposures
Lden (dBA)	1.06 (1.06, 1.07)*	1.07 (1.04, 1.10)*	1.07 (1.04, 1.10)*	1.05 (1.03, 1.06)*	1.07 (1.06, 1.08)*	1.06 (1.03, 1.08)*	1.06 (1.03, 1.09)*	1.06 (1.03, 1.09)*
NO (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)		1.01 (1.00, 1.04)					1.00 (0.97, 1.03)
${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	1.03 (1.02, 1.05)*					1.01 (1.00, 1.03)
Black carbon (${10}^{-5}/\mathrm{m}$)			1.01 (0.99, 1.03)					1.00 (0.98, 1.02)
Greenness (NDVI)				0.91 (0.89, 0.94)*		0.89 (0.87, 0.92)*	0.90 (0.87, 0.92)*	0.90 (0.87, 0.93)*
Walkability					1.01 (1.00, 1.04)	0.95 (0.91, 0.99)*	0.95 (0.92, 0.98)*	0.96 (0.95, 1.00)*
Model 2: $\mathrm{Model}1+\text{further}\text{adjustment}\text{for}\text{South}\text{Asian}\text{ethnicity}$
Lden (dBA)	1.06 (1.01, 1.07)*	1.06 (1.03, 1.09)*	1.06 (1.01, 1.07)*	1.05 (1.01-1.06)*	1.06 (1.01, 1.07)*	1.04 (1.00, 1.06)*	1.06 (1.03, 1.09)*	1.05 (1.02, 1.08)*
NO (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)		1.01 (1.00, 1.04)					1.00 (0.99, 1.03)
${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)*					1.01 (1.00, 1.03)
Black carbon ${10}^{-5}/\mathrm{m}$)			1.01 (0.99, 1.03)					1.00 (0.99, 1.02)
Greenness (NDVI)				0.91 (0.89-0.94)*		0.89 (0.86, 0.92)*	0.90 (0.86, 0.93)*	0.90 (0.87, 0.93)*
Walkability					1.02 (0.99, 1.04)	0.97 (0.92, 0.99)*	0.97 (0.94, 1.00)	0.97 (0.95, 0.99)*
Model 3: $\text{Model}1+\text{further}\text{adjustment}\text{for}\text{Chinese}\text{ethnicity}$
Lden (dBA)	1.06 (1.04, 1.09)*	1.07 (1.04, 1.09)*	1.06 (1.03, 1.09)*	1.05 (1.02-1.06)*	1.05 (1.01, 1.06)*	1.05 (1.03-1.08)*	1.05 (1.03, 1.08)*	1.05 (1.02, 1.08)*
NO (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)		1.01 (1.00, 1.03)					1.00 (0.97, 1.02)
${\text{PM}}_{2.5}$ (${\mathrm{\mu }\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{m}}^3$)	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)*					1.01 (1.00-1.03)
Black carbon ${10}^{-5}/\mathrm{m}$)			1.02 (1.00, 1.05)					1.00 (0.98, 1.04)
Greenness (NDVI)				0.93 (0.91, 0.96)*		0.90 (0.87, 0.93)*	0.90 (0.86, 0.93)*	0.90 (0.87, 0.93)*
Walkability					0.99 (0.91, 1.00)	0.96 (0.92, 0.99)*	0.94 (0.91, 0.97)	0.96 (0.92, 0.99)*

Note: All models are adjusted for age, gender, and area-level household income. Models are presented within columns and use interquartile range (IQR) increments for every environmental exposure metric. AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; dBA, A-weighted decibels; Lden, annual average noise exposure; NDVI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NO, nitric oxide; ${\mathrm{NO}}_2$, nitrogen dioxide; ${\mathrm{PM}}_{2.5}$, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter $<2.5\mathrm{\mu }\text{m}$.

^*Statistically significant ($p<0.05$).