Table 1.
Characteristics of Double Up Food Bucks (DUFB) Users at Detroit Farmers Markets and Overall Detroit SNAP-Enrolled Population
| Characteristics | DUFB users at Detroit farmers markets, 2012–2013a,b | Detroit SNAP enrolled population, 2013c (n=149,338) |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=11,983) |
Living outside Detroit (n=4,167) |
Living in Detroit (n=7,816) |
||
| Female, % (N) | 71.7 (8,586) | 74.3 (3,097) | 70.2 (5,488) | 55.8 |
| Race/Ethnicity, % (N) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 73.8 (8,837) | 51.9 (2,164) | 85.4 (6,672) | 84.1 |
| Non-Hispanic white | 18.0 (2,154) | 38.3 (1,595) | 7.2 (559) | 9.4 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1.6 (193) | 1.7 (70) | 1.6 (123) | 2.3 |
| Other | 1.3 (158) | 2.6 (109) | 0.6 (49) | 0.4 |
| Missing | 5.4 (641) | 5.5 (228) | 5.3 (413) | 3.5 |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 43.8 (14.5) | 41.4 (13.7) | 45.1 (14.8) | – |
| Marital status, % (N) | ||||
| Single, never married | 36.1 (4,329) | 32.7 (1,364) | 37.9 (2,964) | 42.0 |
| Married | 5.6 (669) | 9.2 (383) | 3.7 (286) | 3.4 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 10.8 (1,289) | 13.1 (547) | 9.5 (742) | 6.7 |
| Missing/unknownd | 47.5 (5,696) | 44.9 (1,872) | 48.9 (3,824) | 47.9 |
| Households with 1 eligible adult, % (N) | 83.1 (9,958) | 78.3 (3,260) | 85.7 (6,697) | 90.4 |
| Households with ≥1 child under age 18 years, % (N) | 42.3 (5,070) | 48.9 (2,036) | 38.8 (3,033) | 44.1 |
| Home Residence, % (N) | ||||
| City of Detroit | 65.2 (7,816) | – | 100.0 (7,816) | 100.0 (149,338) |
| Metro Detroite (not including City of Detroit) | 30.9 (3,702) | 88.8 (3,702) | – | – |
| Michigan, outside of Metro Detroit | 3.2 (379) | 9.1 (379) | – | – |
| State other than Michigan | 0.7 (86) | 2.1 (86) | – | – |
| Households reporting zero gross annual income, % (N) | 30.4 (3,642) | 28.7 (1,196) | 31.3 (2,444) | – |
| Gross annual income of householdsreporting income greater than zero, median(IQR) | $8,856 ($6,864–$12,972) | $9,444 ($6,864–$15,060) | $8,784 ($6,864–$11,988) | – |
| Households <100% FPL, % (N) | 87.2 (10,444) | 85.1 (3,544) | 88.3 (6,899) | 62.4 ± 1.3%f |
| Months eligible for SNAP, median (IQR) | ||||
| 2012–2013 (Full 24 month period) | 20 (16–21) | 19 (15–21) | 20 (17–21) | – |
| 2012–2013 (10 months during which DUFB available) | 10 (7–10) | 10 (6–10) | 10 (8–10) | – |
| SNAP assistance/month, median (IQR) | $200 ($200–$412) | $227 ($200–$477) | $200 ($200–$367) | – |
| SNAP/DUFB transactions, median (IQR) | ||||
| Average SNAP redeemed per purchase | $20 ($10–$20) | $20 ($12–$23) | $20 ($10–$20) | – |
| Average DUFB matched per purchase | $20 ($10–$20) | $20 ($12–$20) | $17 ($10–$20) | – |
| Total SNAP redeemed per user (2012–2013 DUFB season) | $20 ($10–$40) | $20 ($15–$40) | $20 ($10–$38) | – |
| Total DUFB matched per user (2012–2013 DUFB season) | $20 ($10–$22) | $20 ($14–$26) | $20 ($10–$20) | – |
| Distance to farmers market of first transaction, median (IQR) | 8.7 (4.2–14.2) | 16.1 (10.5–22.5) | 6.5 (2.9–9.8) | – |
| 0–1 mile, N (%) | 686 (5.7) | 3 (0.1) | 683 (8.7) | – |
| >1–5 miles | 2,705 (22.6) | 189 (4.5) | 2,516 (32.2) | – |
| >5–10 miles | 3,479 (29.0) | 700 (16.8) | 2,779 (35.6) | – |
| >10–15 miles | 2,369 (19.8) | 879 (21.1) | 1,490 (19.1) | – |
| >15 miles | 2,744 (22.9) | 2,395 (57.5) | 349 (4.5) | |
| Households receiving other financial assistance,g % (N) | ||||
| TANF | 12.7 (1,468) | 10.7 (444) | 13.5 (1,023) | – |
| Medicaid | 75.4 (8,741) | 71.6 (2,981) | 76.1 (5,760) | – |
| State disability assistance | 2.2 (249) | 1.7 (72) | 2.3 (177) | – |
| State emergency relief | 31.4 (3,641) | 28.2 (1,175) | 32.6 (2,466) | – |
All Double Up Food Bucks users are SNAP-enrolled
2012 DUFB season June–November, 2013 DUFB season July–October 2013
Point prevalence of SNAP enrollees on December 31, 2013, from SNAP administrative data
Marital status labeled as optional category on SNAP enrollment forms, resulting in large amount of missing unknown
Oakland, Wayne, and Macomb counties (not including City of Detroit)
U.S. Census Bureau, 2011–2013 American Community Survey
Received at least once during 24-month study period
SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; DUFB, Double Up Food Bucks; FPL, Federal Poverty Level; TANF, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; IQR, Interquartile Range