Table 1.
Cohort Demographics at Time of Norwood Procedure
| All (N = 120) | RVPAS (n = 58) | BTS (n = 62) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at Norwood procedure, days | 5 (3–7) | 5 (4–7) | 5 (3–8) | 0.725 |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 39 (37.9–39.3) | 39 (37.8–39.3) | 38.9 (37.9–39.3) | 0.86 |
| Gestational age at Norwood procedure, weeks | 39.6 (38.8–40.1) | 39.8 (39.0–40.1) | 39.5 (38.7–40.1) | 0.455 |
| Weight at Norwood procedure, kg | 3.3 (3.0–3.6) | 3.4 (2.9–3.6) | 3.3 (3.0–3.5) | 0.709 |
| Height at Norwood procedure, cm | 50 (48–52) | 50 (47–51) | 51 (49–52) | 0.125 |
| Male | 66 | 57 | 74 | 0.046 |
| Chromosomal anomaly | 16 | 19 | 13 | 0.363 |
| Noncardiac congenital anomaly | 17 | 24 | 10 | 0.034 |
| Anatomy | 0.564 | |||
| HLHS | 99 (82.5) | 50 (86.2) | 49 (79.0) | |
| Shone’s syndrome | 15 (12.5) | 6 (10.3) | 9 (9.6) | |
| Unbalanced AVSD | 6 (5) | 2 (3.4) | 4 (6.4) | |
| HLHS subtype | 0.061 | |||
| MS/AS | 29 (29.2) | 18 (36.0) | 11 (22.4) | |
| MS/AA | 39 (39.3) | 14 (28.0) | 25 (51.0) | |
| MA/AA | 31 (31.3) | 18 (36.0) | 13 (26.5) | |
| Anomalous pulmonary venous return | 9 (7.5) | 8 (13.8) | 1 (1.6) | 0.014 |
| Ascending aorta diameter, mm | 3.25 (2.10–4.95) | 3.55 (2.00–5.60) | 3.2 (2.30–4.70) | 0.739 |
| Norwood bypass time, min | 165 (144–202) | 180 (157–218) | 152 (134–182) | 0.002 |
| Norwood cross–clamp time, min | 46 (35–69) | 58 (43–78) | 37 (33–49) | <0.001 |
| Required ECMO postoperatively | 27 (22) | 13 (22) | 14 (23) | 0.983 |
| At cardiac ICU admission post-Norwood procedure (n = 99) | ||||
| Initial lactate, mmol/L | 6.1 (4.0–7.8) | 5.8 (3.9–7.4) | 6.4 (4.3–9.3) | 0.444 |
| Epinephrine infusion | 84/99 (85) | 48/53 (91) | 36/46 (78) | 0.089 |
| Milrinone infusion | 89/99 (90) | 49/53 (92) | 40/46 (87) | 0.365 |
| Dopamine infusion | 24/99 (24) | 8/53 (15) | 16/46 (35) | 0.023 |
| Calcium infusion | 57/99 (58) | 33/53 (62) | 24/46 (52) | 0.311 |
| Dexmedetomidine infusion | 14/99 (14) | 11/53 (21) | 3/46 (6) | 0.043 |
Values are median (interquartile range), %, n (%), or n/n (%). Full covariates at time of post-Norwood intensive care unit (ICU) admission available for 99 patients.
AA = ■■■; AS = ■■■; AVSD = atrioventricular septal defect; BTS = Blalock-Taussig shunt; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HLHS = hypoplastic left heart syndrome; MS = ■■■; RVPAS = right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery shunt.