Table 2. Time Restricted Feeding (12<×<24 hrs).

Summary and results from clinical trials on time restricted feeding.

Study	Participants	Duration (Weeks)	BMI (kg/m2)	Intervention	Methods	Δ Fat mass (kg)	Δ Fat Mass (%)	Δ Lean Mass	Δ Body Weight (kg)	Δ Body Weight (%)
Carlson et al. (2007)(128) Stote et al (2007)(129)	10 women, 5 men (Aged 45.0±0.7)	16	23.4±0.5	Time restricted feeding (TRF).	1 meal per day during 4-hour time period.	↓ 2.1kg***	↓ 13.0%***	↑ 1.5kg	↓ 1.4kg**	↓ 2.1%**
Klempel et al. (2012)(122)	54 obese women (Aged 35–65)	8	30–39.9	IF and caloric restriction (CR) at 30% total daily caloric needs with either liquids (L) or food (F).	IF CR-L or IF CR-F for 6 days then 1 day fast with only 120kcal of juice powder.	CR-L: ↓ 2.8±1.2kg***		N/A	CR-L: ↓ 3.9±1.4kg***	CR-L: ↓ 4.1±1.5%***
						CR-F: ↓ 1.9±0.7kg***			CR-F: ↓ 2.5±.6kg***	CR-F: ↓ 2.6± 4%***
Moro et al. (2016)(125)	34 resistance trained (RT) males (Aged 29.21±3.8)	8	n/a	TRF with a 16 hour fasting period.	100% daily caloric needs in 3 meals within 8 hours (1pm,4pm,8pm). Fast remaining 16 hours.	↓ 1.62±1.53kg***	↓ 16.4%***	↑ 0.64kg	↓ 0.97±1.58kg*	↓ 1.2%*
Tinsley et al. (2017)(130)	18 RT men (Aged 22.9±4.1)	8		TRF 4 days a week with a 16 hour fasting period.	Unrestricted energy consumption on RT days (3), unrestricted energy consumption in a 4-hour window on other days (4).	↓ 0.6kg	↓ 3.4%	↓ 0.2kg	↓ 1.0kg	↓ 0.6%

Note.

TRF: time restricted feeding; IF: intermittent fasting; CR: calorie restriction; L: liquids; F: food; RT: resistance trained

^*p≤.05

^**p≤.01

^***p≤.001