Table 3. Alternate Day Modified Fasting.

Summary and results from clinical trials on alternate day modified fasting and alternate day fasting.

Study	Participants	Duration (Weeks)	BMI (kg/m2)	Intervention	Methods	Δ Fat mass (kg)	Δ Fat Mass (%)	Δ Lean Mass	Δ Body Weight (kg)	Δ Body Weight (%)
Bhutani et al. (2013)(131)	64 obese males and females Aged 42±2 (ADMF), 45±5 (combo)	12	35±1	Alternate day modified fast (ADMF)	ADMF: alternated between fasting days (25% baseline calories) and ad libitum on feast days.	ADMF: ↓ 2.0±1.0kg**	ADMF: ↓ 4.7%**	ADMF: ↓ 1.0±1.0kg	ADMF: ↓ 3.0±1.0kg***	ADMF: ↓ 3.2%***
Catenacci et al. (2016)§(54)	26 healthy obese subjects (Aged 39.6±9.5)	8	ADF: 35.8±4	Alternate day fast (ADF)	ADF: alternated ad libitum feeding and fasting days without food intake	↓ 3.7±0.5kg***	↓ 1.1±0.3%**	↓ 3.2±0.6kg***	↓ 8.2±0.9kg***	↓ 8.8±0.9%***
Eshghinia&Mohammadzadeh (2013)(132)	15 overweight and obese females (Aged 33±6)	6	33.16±5.02	Modified fast consuming 25–30% energy needs.	Consumed 25–30% energy needs diet on 3 weekly fasting days (Sat, Mon and Thursday) and consumed a diet of 1700–1800 kcal/d on feast days.	N/A	↓ 2.8%***		↓ 6.0kg***	↓ 7.1%***
Hoddy et al. (2016)(133)	54 (47 females, 7 male)	8	34±1	ADMF consuming 25% energy needs.	Alternating 25% baseline energy needs on fast day, ad libitum on feast days.	Tertile 1: ↓ 2kg***	Tertile1: ↓ 6±1%***	Tertile 1: ↓ 1kg***	Tertile 1: ↓ 3.7kg***	Tertile 1: ↓ 4±1%***
						Tertile 2: ↓ 2kg***	Tertile 2: ↓ 6±1%***	Tertile 2: ↓ 2kg***	Tertile 2: ↓ 3.8kg***	Tertile 2: ↓ 4±1%***
	(Aged 47±3, 46±2, 47±2)				Tertiles based on degree of insulin resistance.	Tertile 3: ↓ 2kg***	Tertile 3: ↓ 5±1%***	Tertile 3: ↓ 1kg***	Tertile 3: ↓ 3.8kg***	Tertile 3: ↓ 4±1%***
Hoddy et al. (2014)(119)	74 obese	8	L: 35± 1	ADMF consuming 500 calories.	ADMF consuming 500 calories at either lunch or dinner and ad libitum on feast days.	L: ↓ 1.8kg***	L: ↓ 4.3%***	L: ↓ 1.3kg***	L: ↓ 3.5±0.4kg***	L: ↓ 3.8±0.5%***
	(Aged 45±3 lunch (L), 46±2 dinner (D)		D: 34 ± 1			D: ↓ 2.6kg***	D: ↓ 6.2%***	D: ↓ 1.4kg***	D: ↓ 4.1±0.5kg***	D: ↓ 4.2±0.5%***
Klempel et al. (2013)(134)	35 obese (Aged 25–65)	8	30–39.9	ADMF consuming 25% energy needs.	ADMF: High Fat (HF) or Low Fat (LF). Alternating between 25% and 125% energy needs.	HF: ↓ 5.4±1.5kg***	HF: ↓ 11.1%***	HF: ↑ 1.1±1.3kg	HF: ↓ 4.3±1.0kg***	HF: ↓ 4.8±1.1%***
						LF: ↓ 4.2±0.6kg***	LF: ↓ 8.8%***	LF: ↑ 0.5±0.7kg	LF: ↓ 3.7±0.7kg***	LF: ↓ 4.2±0.8%***
Trepanowski et al. (2017) (135)	100 overweight and obese subjects	26	35 ± 4	ADMF consuming 25% daily energy needs.	ADMF: 6 months weight loss alternating 25% and 125% of caloric needs.	↓ 4.2kg*	↓ 11.1%*	↓ 1.5kg	↓ 6.5kg*	↓ 6.8%*
	86 females, 14 males (Aged 44±11)	52			Additional 6 months maintenance alternating 50% and 150% of caloric needs.	↓ 2.0kg	↓ 5.3%	↓ 0.9kg	↓ 5.7kg*	↓ 6.0%*
Varady et al. (2013)(12)	32 (Aged 35–65)	12	20–29.9	ADMF consuming 25% daily energy needs.	ADMF: 25% daily caloric intake and ad libitum on feast days.	↓ 3.6±0.7kg***	↓ 13.8%***	↓ 1.6 kg	↓ 5.2±0.9kg***	↓ 6.5±1.0%***
Varady et al. (2009)(123) Klempel et al. (2010)(145)	16 obese males and females (Aged 46±2)	8	34 ± 1	ADMF consuming 25% daily energy needs.	ADMF: 25% daily energy needs and ad libitum on feast days.	↓ 5.4±0.8kg*	↓ 3.0%*	↓ 0.1±0.1 kg	↓ 5.6±1.0kg***	↓ 5.8±1.1%***
Varady et al. (2015) (146)	29 overweight women (Aged: LF: 43.2±2.3 HF: 42.4±3.0)	8	LF: 34.4±8	ADMF consuming 25% energy needs.	Alternating 25% daily energy needs (1 meal) in either a LF (25% fat) or HF (45% fat) diet and ad libitum on feast days.	LF: ↓ 1.5 kg*	LF: ↓ 4.1%*	N/A	LF: ↓ 4.3 kg*	LF: ↓ 4.9%*
			HF: 34.6±7			HF: ↓ 2.9kg*	HF: ↓ 8.0%*		HF: ↓ 4.7 kg*	HF: ↓ 5.3%*

Note.

^§Alternate day fasting which included no food intake;

ADMF: alternate day modified fasting; ADF: alternate day fasting; CR: calorie restriction; L: lunch; D: dinner; HF: high fat; LF: low fat

^*p≤.05

^**p≤.01

^***p≤.001