Table 2.
Fully-adjusted Rural Versus Urban Relative Risk Ratios for Cognitive Status of U.S. Older Adults
| 2000 | 2010 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||
| Dementia versus normal | CIND versus normal | Dementia versus normal | CIND versus normal | |
|
|
||||
| Characteristics | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) | RRR (95% CI) |
| Urbanicity of residential census tract (ref: 100% urban) | ||||
| Mixed urban (75% to 99% urban) | 1.51 (1.18, 1.94) | 1.24 (1.06, 1.45) | 1.33 (1.04, 1.71) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.34) |
| Mixed rural (75% to 99% rural) | 1.63 (1.30, 2.06) | 1.22 (1.03, 1.43) | 1.42 (1.11, 1.83) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) |
| Rural (0% urban) | 1.60 (1.27, 2.02) | 1.44 (1.21, 1.72) | 1.79 (1.31, 2.43) | 1.38 (1.14, 1.68) |
| Gender | ||||
| Male (vs female) | 1.41 (1.19, 1.67) | 1.44 (1.29, 1.61) | 1.17 (0.96, 1.42) | 1.35 (1.20, 1.51) |
| Age categories (ref: 55–59 years) | ||||
| 60–69 years | 2.10 (1.42, 3.11) | 1.34 (1.12, 1.60) | 1.61 (1.03, 2.52) | 1.19 (1.00, 1.42) |
| 70–79 years | 6.84 (4.63, 10.11) | 3.08 (2.56, 3.70) | 5.03 (3.29, 7.53) | 2.10 (1.76, 2.48) |
| >80 years | 26.03 (17.52, 38.68) | 6.40 (5.23, 7.85) | 26.04 (16.95, 40.01) | 6.06 (4.97, 7.36) |
| Race/ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic white) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 5.18 (4.13, 6.50) | 2.83 (2.43, 3.31) | 4.89 (3.83, 6.24) | 2.95 (2.52, 3.45) |
| Hispanic | 2.24 (1.76, 3.27) | 2.21 (1.82, 2.70) | 2.93 (2.20, 3.90) | 1.99 (1.63, 2.42) |
| Non-Hispanic other | 4.08 (2.55, 6.52) | 1.85 (1.29, 2.64) | 3.08 (1.78, 5.32) | 2.00 (1.42, 2.81) |
| Number of children | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) |
| Marital status (ref: married) | ||||
| Separated/divorced | 0.78 (0.55, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.86, 1.27) | 1.24 (0.90, 1.70) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.28) |
| Widowed | 1.18 (0.97, 1.47) | 1.23 (1.08, 1.40) | 1.56 (1.28, 1.91) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.30) |
| Never married | 1.31 (0.80, 2.12) | 1.19 (0.85, 1.65) | 1.53 (0.94, 2.49) | 1.31 (0.95, 1.78) |
| Educational attainment (ref: <12 years) | ||||
| 12 years, high school diploma or GED | 0.27 (0.22, 0.32) | 0.40 (0.36, 0.45) | 0.23 (0.19, 0.27) | 0.32 (0.28, 0.37) |
| >12 years | 0.14 (0.10, 0.19) | 0.17 (0.14, 0.20) | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15) | 0.16 (0.13, 0.19) |
| Household assets (natural log of dollars) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.95) | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.97) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) |
| High blood pressure ever diagnosed (vs never) | 0.86 (0.73, 1.02) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 1.10 (0.89, 1.37) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) |
| Cancer ever diagnosed (vs. never) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.02) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.90 (0.72, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) |
| Diabetes ever diagnosed (vs. never) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.65) | 1.20 (1.05, 1.36) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.41) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.42) |
| Lung disease ever diagnosed (vs. never) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.34) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.38) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.16) | 1.22 (1.01, 1.45) |
| Heart disease ever diagnosed (vs. never) | 1.24 (1.04, 1.47) | 1.11 (0.99, 1.25) | 0.86 (0.70, 1.05) | 1.17 (1.03, 1.32) |
| Stroke ever diagnosed (vs. never) | 3.58 (2.84, 4.52) | 1.69 (1.40, 2.04) | 3.75 (2.93, 4.81) | 1.74 (1.44, 2.10) |
| Psychiatric condition ever diagnosed (vs. never) | 2.34 (1.92, 2.85) | 1.36 (1.18, 1.57) | 1.62 (1.28, 2.05) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.41) |
Notes: Boldface indicates statistically significant estimates (p<0.05).
a
All statistics are sample-weighted and adjusted for the complex sampling design of the HRS.
RRR, relative risk ratio; CIND, cognitive impairment with no dementia; GED, general equivalency diploma; HRS, Health and Retirement Study.