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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 26.
Published in final edited form as: ALTEX. 2017 Jul 24;35(1):51–64. doi: 10.14573/altex.1703231

Table 3.

Coverage of ToxCast/Tox21 Assays Mapped to 10 Key Characteristics of Known Human Carcinogens.

Key Characteristic ToxCast/Tox21 Assay Mapping
1. Is electrophilic or can be metabolically activated 31 assays:

  • CYP inhibition (29)

  • Aromatase inhibition (2)
2. Is genotoxic 9 assays:*

  • p53 activation
3. Alters DNA repair or causes genomic instability No assays
4. Induces epigenetic alterations 11 assays:

  • DNA binding (4)

  • Transformation (7)
5. Induces oxidative stress 18 assays:

  • Metalloproteinase (5)

  • Oxidative stress (7)

  • Oxidative stress marker (6)
6. Induces chronic inflammation 45 assays:

  • Cell adhesion (14)

  • Cytokines (29)

  • NFkB (2)
7. Is immunosuppressive No assays
8. Modulates receptor-mediated effects 92 assays:

  • AhR (2)

  • AR (11)

  • ER (18)

  • FXR (7)

  • Others (29)

  • PPAR (12)

  • PXR_VDR (7)

  • RAR (6)
9. Causes immortalization No assays
10. Alters cell proliferation, cell death or nutrient supply 68 assays:

  • Cell cycle (16)

  • Cytotoxicity (41)

  • Mitochondrial toxicity (7)

  • Proliferation (4)
*

These assays may have limited specificity as an indicator of genotoxicity, and were included in Case Study 2, but not 3 (Monograph Volume 113)