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. 2018 Jan 24;9:354. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02765-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 6 — Homeostatic modulation of REM sleep and REM-off neuron activity. a Correlation between REM episode duration and subsequent inter-REM interval. Each dot represents a single episode (n = 972 episodes from 27 mice). Line, linear fit (R = 0.39, P = 6.8 × 10⁻³⁶, T(970) = 13.03). b Distribution of inter-REM interval following short (≤90 s) and long (>90 s) REM episodes. The two distributions are significantly different (P = 2.8 × 10⁻⁴⁸, z = −14.60, Wilcoxon rank-sum test). c Effect of closed-loop activation of vlPAG GABAergic neurons on REM sleep duration and subsequent inter-REM interval. Closed-loop stimulation shortened both REM episodes (n = 6 mice, P = 0.002, T(5) = 5.88, paired t-test) and subsequent inter-REM intervals (P = 0.003, T(5) = −5.29). Lines, single mice. Error bar, ±s.d. d Average EEG spectrogram (upper) and mean firing rate (z-scored) of significant REM-off vlPAG GABAergic neurons (lower) during the NREM→REM→wake→NREM transition sequence. Each REM, wake, or NREM episode was temporally normalized. Shading, ±s.e.m. Inset, comparison of firing rates during the NREM episodes preceding (NR_pre) and following REM sleep (NR_post). The firing rate during NR_post was higher than that during NR_pre (n = 11 units; P = 0.006, T(10) = −3.43, paired t-test). e Similar to d, but for the NREM→wake→NREM sequence. Without the intervening REM episode, the firing rates were similar between NR_pre and NR_post (P = 0.42, T(10) = 0.84). f Comparison of vlPAG activity during inter-REM interval following short (≤90 s) and long (>90 s) REM episodes. Following a long REM period, the firing rate was significantly higher than following a short one (P = 0.03, T(3) = −3.78, paired t-test). Shading, ±s.e.m. g Correlation between REM episode duration and vlPAG firing rate during the subsequent inter-REM interval. Each dot represents activity of a unit during a single inter-REM interval (n = 40). Line, linear fit (R = 0.50, P = 0.001, T(38) = 3.58). h Correlation between vlPAG firing rate during inter-REM interval and duration of the interval. Line, linear fit (R = 0.63, P = 1.6 × 10⁻⁵, T(38) = 4.95)