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(a) Bumblebees were first allowed to observe the arena from a central transparent cylinder, with a conspecific visible in a small glass vial in one corner of the arena. (b) Bumblebees were then covered with an opaque cup and rotated for disorientation. (c) Bumblebees were released into an empty arena with a netted cover, and their first approaches to the four corners of the arena and their total approaches in 30 s were recorded (see for details [36]). (Online version in colour.)
