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. 2018 Jan 24;8:1504. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19791-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Membrane and nuclear displacements observed in response to force-rupture events between the AFM-tip and cell membrane. (a) Retraction portion of force-indentation curve with important points (A-G) identified. A, the point of zero force application to the cell, B-F, force-rupture peaks, and G, after bead releases from cell. (b) A closer examination of peaks E and F with sub-peaks of the E rupture event identified. No point is shown for E1 because this is the frame immediately following Peak E0. Inset indicates regions where displacement is measured between points E and F highlighted in green. These regions were determined through difference imaging using frames taken at E and F. (c) Regions of cell displacements determined through difference imaging highlighted in green for the sub-peaks indicated in (b). Yellow dashed lines indicate outline of AFM mounted bead. Scale bars = 5 um.