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. 2018 Jan 24;8:1515. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19894-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of MP on weight gain and activity: (a,b,c) HD-MP male and female rats showed a significant decrease in weight gain. After 13 weeks of MP administration, HD MP male rats showed less weight gain relative to water (18%), LD PF (17.5%), HD PF (13.5%) and LD (17%) rats. Female rats showed a similar trend, with significantly less weight gain in HD MP female rats (~18%) relative to Water. MP-treated male and female rats also showed increased (d) distance traveled, (e) velocity, and (f) dark circadian activity. MP-treated females covered more distance, with increased velocity, relative to MP-treated male rats (d,e). HD MP increased circadian activity with an elevated increase in female, as compared to male rats (f). MP exposure did not affect femoral (g) length, (h) medial-lateral diameter, or (i) anterior-posterior diameter in male and female rats. (^!p < 0.05 Water vs HD, ^!!p < 0.01 Water vs HD, ^‡p < 0.05 HD PF vs HD, ^‡‡p < 0.01 HD PF vs HD, ^{^^}p < 0.01 LD vs HD, ^##p < 0.01 LD PF vs LD).