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. 2018 Jan 24;8:1515. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-19894-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of MP on Bone remodeling: (a) No apparent differences in calcein single and double labeling (yellow and red arrows, respectively) were observed in male Water, LD PF, HD PF, and LD MP groups, though male HD MP showed increased calcein labeling. No apparent differences in calcein labeling were seen in female rats. Histomorphometric quantification showed significantly increased (b) mineralized bone surface (MS/BS) and (c) bone formation rate (BFR/BS) in HD MP male rats with no significant changes in female rats. (d) TRAP activity was measured to assess osteoclast activity in cortical bone. HD MP male rats showed increased TRAP staining in cortical bone relative to Water-treated male rats, whereas female rats did not show any apparent differences between Water and HD MP. Quantification of TRAP staining showed a significant increase in (e) number of osteoclast over bone surface (N. Oc/BS) in both HD MP treated male and female rats. HD MP treated male rats showed a significant increase in (f) TRAP volume over tissue volume (TRAP V/TV) in cortical bone. (^!p < 0.05 Water vs HD, ^!!p < 0.01 Water vs HD, ^‡p < 0.05 HD-PF vs HD, ^‡‡p < 0.01 HD-PF vs HD).