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. 2017 Nov 27;77(11):1157–1173. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-118908

Table 4  Risk factors for developing intrauterine growth restriction. Common risk factors are highlighted in bold .

Maternal causes Alcohol abuse 8
Hypertensive disease of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension) 9
Drug/nicotine abuse10 ,  11
Embryotoxic or fetotoxic medication 12
Maternal age (≥ 35/ > 40 years ) 13
Maternal weight (high or very low BMI) 14
Low socio-economic status 15 ,  16
Nulliparity 17
s/p hypertensive disorder in a previous pregnancy
s/p IUFD 9
s/p SGA/IUGR 9
Preexisting maternal diseases, which can lead to reduced uteroplacental perfusion or reduced oxygenation of maternal blood, e.g.:
Chronic respiratory disease
Chronic hypertension 18
Chronic renal disease 19
Diabetes mellitus with vascular disease 20
Heart disease, especially cyanotic heart disease 21
Severe anemia
Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome 22
Uteroplacental causes Placental abruption 23
Velamentous cord insertion
Placental infarction 24
Disorders of placentation with inadequate trophoblast invasion and increased maternal risk of pre-eclampsia 25
Placental tumors
Fetal causes Chromosomal abnormalities and syndromic disease26 ,  27
Intrauterine infections (particularly cytomegaly, toxoplasmosis, rubella, varicella zoster virus)
Multiple pregnancy 28