Table 4  Risk factors for developing intrauterine growth restriction. Common risk factors are highlighted in bold .

Maternal causes	Alcohol abuse 8 Hypertensive disease of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, gestational hypertension) 9 Drug/nicotine abuse10 ,  11 Embryotoxic or fetotoxic medication 12 Maternal age (≥ 35/ > 40 years ) 13 Maternal weight (high or very low BMI) 14 Low socio-economic status 15 ,  16 Nulliparity 17 s/p hypertensive disorder in a previous pregnancy s/p IUFD 9 s/p SGA/IUGR 9
	Preexisting maternal diseases, which can lead to reduced uteroplacental perfusion or reduced oxygenation of maternal blood, e.g.: Chronic respiratory disease Chronic hypertension 18 Chronic renal disease 19 Diabetes mellitus with vascular disease 20 Heart disease, especially cyanotic heart disease 21 Severe anemia Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome 22
Uteroplacental causes	Placental abruption 23 Velamentous cord insertion Placental infarction 24 Disorders of placentation with inadequate trophoblast invasion and increased maternal risk of pre-eclampsia 25 Placental tumors
Fetal causes	Chromosomal abnormalities and syndromic disease26 ,  27 Intrauterine infections (particularly cytomegaly, toxoplasmosis, rubella, varicella zoster virus) Multiple pregnancy 28