TABLE 1 .
Phage lytic proteins against S. aureus and their most relevant properties
| Application(s) | Lytic protein(s) | Origin | Result(s) | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prophylaxis | P128 | CHAP domain (TAME phage K) + SH3b (lysostaphin) | In rat nares, there was a 4-log reduction after treatment with 15 µg of protein | 45 |
| Prophylaxis | L-K | Catalytic domain (LysK) + lysostaphin | In mouse nares, there was a 98% reduction after treatment with 200 µg of protein | 27 |
| Prophylaxis with Chapter K | CHAP domain (LysK) | In mouse nares, there was a 2-log reduction after 1 h of treatment with 925 μg of protein; in porcine skin (colonized by 2.5 × 105 CFU/cm2), there was a 99% reduction after 30 min of treatment | 33, 46 | |
| Prophylaxis, bacteremia | ClyS | Catalytic domain (phage Twort) + CBD (phiNM3) | In mouse nares, there was a 2-log reduction after treatment with 960 µg of protein; in mouse skin, there was a 3-log reduction; intraperitoneal injection (1 mg) at 3 h postinfection resulted in 88% survival; combination with vancomycin and oxacillin resulted in 100% survival | 17, 41 |
| Prophylaxis, bacteremia | MV-L | Phage MV-L | In mouse nares, there was a 2 × 109 CFU reduction after treatment with 310 U of protein; intraperitoneal injection (500 U) for 60 min after infection resulted in 60% survival | 47 |
| Bacteremia | SAL-1 (SAL200) | Phage SAP-1 | In a mouse model, intravenous administration (25 mg/kg) resulted in 100% survival | 32 |
| Bacteremia | LysGH15 | Phage GH15 | Intraperitoneal injection (50 µg) 1 h after infection resulted in 100% survival | 48 |
| Bacteremia | Phi11, 80a, LysK, 2638A, WMY, Twort, phiSH2 | Phage phi11, phage phi80a, phage K, phage 2638A, phage WMY | In a mouse model, intraperitoneal injection (200 µg) 30 min postinfection resulted in 100% survival for phi11, 80a, LysK, 2638A, and WMY and a 50 to 60% reduction for Twort and phiSH2 | 50 |
| Bacteremia | P-27/HP | Endolysin from phage P-27/HP | In a mouse model, intraperitoneal injection (250 µg) after 24 h of infection resulted in a 99.9% reduction in CFU counts in spleens | 51 |
| Bacteremia | CF-301 | With the endolysin Streptococcus suis prophage, the combination of CF-301 (1.25 mg/kg) and daptomycin 4 h after infection yielded 73% survival | 55 | |
| Bacteremia, burn infection | ClyF | CBD domain (PlySs2) + catalytic domain (Ply187) | Intraperitoneal injection (50 mg/kg) at 3 h postinfection resulted in 100% survival after bacterial reduction of 1.5 to 3.3 log10 in the treatment of burn infections with 0.1 mg at 24 h postinfection | 35 |
| Disinfection, bacteremia | MR-10 | Phage MR-10 | Biofilm reduction after sequential treatment with minocycline (4 μg/ml) for 3 h followed by treatment with endolysin MR-10 (18 to 36 μg/ml) for 16 h; the combination of MR-10 and minocycline resulted in a 100% survival | 37, 49 |
| Endophthalmitis | Ply187 | CHAP domain (Ply187) + SH3b (LysK) | In a mouse model, intravitreal injection resulted in a 1- to 2-log reduction at 6 h and 12 h after infection | 54 |
| Mastitis | Trx-Sa1 | Phage IME-SA1 | In cows, bacterial counts were reduced to undetectable levels after 3 days | 53 |
| Mastitis | λSA2-E-Lyso-SH3b, λSA2-E-LysK-SH3b | Endopeptidase domain (streptococcal SA2 endolysin) + CBD (lysostaphin or LysK) | In a mouse model, there were 0.63- and 0.81-log-unit reductions after gland infusion (25 µg) and a synergistic effect with lysostaphin | 52 |
| Dermatoses | Staphefekt, SA.100 | Commercial endolysin | In humans, there was a reduction of inflammatory symptoms of osteosarcoma, impetigo, and folliculitis after a 2-week application twice a day | 60 |
| Food preservation | LysSA97 | Phage SA97 | In beef and milk, there was a 0.8 ± 0.2-log reduction in the no. of CFU/ml; there was also a reduction of 4.5 ± 0.2-log CFU/ml when LysSA97 was combined with carvacrol | 62 |
| Food preservation | HydH5, HydH5Lyso, HydH5SH3b, CHAPSH3b | VAPGH-derived proteins (phage phiIPLA88) | In milk, bacteria were undetectable (104 CFU/ml) after 6 h of incubation at 37°C | 64 |
| Disinfection, food preservation | LysH5 | Phage phiIPLA88 | Biofilm was removed after treatment with 0.15 µM for 6 h, followed by a second treatment for 12 h; in pasteurized milk, bacteria were undetectable (106 CFU/ml) after treatment with 88 μg/ml for 4 h; there was a synergistic effect with nisin | 36, 63, 65 |