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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 25.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2017 Jun 21;19:109–133. doi: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044619

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Emerging techniques to create three-dimensional (3D) tumor microenvironments. (a) Strategy for studying vascular cell invasion into tumor microenvironments. (b) A microfluidic system consisting of three independently addressable media channels separated from extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking hydrogel matrices. (c) The printing process used to create 3D HeLa–hydrogel matrices. Abbreviations: ECFC, endothelial colony-forming cell; SDF-1, stromal cell–derived factor 1; S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate; 2D, two-dimensional. Panel a modified from Reference 143. Panel b modified from Reference 146. Panel c modified from Reference 148.