Table 1.
Hospital and patient characteristics by operator volume
| Overall (n = 3,747,866 PCIs; 10,496 operators) | Low (< 50 PCIs/year) (n = 371,861 PCIs; 4628 operators) | Intermediate (50–100 PCIs/year) (n = 1,037,092 PCIs; 3001 operators) | High (> 100 PCIs/year) (n = 2,338,913 PCIs; 2867 operators) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital characteristics | |||||
| Hospital region | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Northeast | 578,510 (15.4%) | 40,013 (10.8%) | 140,906 (13.6% | 397,591 (17.0%) | |
| Midwest | 1,025,453 (27.4%) | 64,606 (17.4%) | 270,491 (26.1%) | 690,356 (29.5%) | |
| South | 1,553,974 (41.5%) | 163,019 (43.8%) | 419,239 (40.4%) | 971,716 (41.6%) | |
| West | 589,835 (15.7%) | 104,129 (28.0%) | 206,456 (19.9%) | 279,250 (11.9%) | |
| Urban location | 2,126,157 (56.7%) | 199,828 (53.7%) | 540,177 (52.1%) | 1,386,152 (59.3%) | < 0.0001 |
| No. of beds | 400 (269, 573) | 371 (249, 552) | 372 (250, 546) | 411 (282, 589) | < 0.0001 |
| Annual PCI volume | 661 (405, 1063) | 455 (258, 797) | 509 (313, 832) | 781 (485, 1222) | < 0.0001 |
| Surgical back-up available | 3,285,903 (87.7%) | 317,536 (85.4%) | 887,880 (85.6%) | 2,080,487 (89.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Teaching hospital* | 1,820,676 (48.6%) | 141,786 (38.1%) | 451,974 (43.6%) | 1,226,916 (52.5%) | < 0.0001 |
| Private/community hospital | 3,256,013 (86.9%) | 327,412 (88.1%) | 900,836 (86.9%) | 2,027,765 (86.7%) | < 0.0001 |
| Patient characteristics | |||||
| Age | 65 (56,74) | 65 (56, 73) | 65 (56, 73) | 65 (56,74) | < 0.0001 |
| Male | 2,550,824 (68.1%) | 255,605 (68.7%) | 710,319 (68.5%) | 1,584,900 (67.8%) | < 0.0001 |
| White | 3,272,652 (87.3%) | 310,597 (83.5%) | 895,424 (86.3%) | 2,066,631 (88.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Admit source | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Emergency dept | 1,469,424 (39.2%) | 166,071 (44.7%) | 449,216 (43.3%) | 854,137 (36.5%) | |
| Transfer in | 695,207 (18.6%) | 51,781 (13.9%) | 170,064 (16.4%) | 473,362 (20.2%) | |
| Other | 1,579,392 (42.1%) | 153,589 (41.3%) | 416,638 (40.2%) | 1,009,165 (43.2%) | |
| BMI | 29 (26, 33) | 29 (26, 33) | 29 (26, 33) | 29 (26, 33) | < 0.0001 |
| Prior MI | 1,129,986 (30.2%) | 100,359 (27.0%) | 300,225 (29.0%) | 729,402 (31.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Prior CHF | 470,986 (12.6%) | 39,961 (10.8%) | 121,837 (11.8%) | 309,188 (13.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| HF within 2 weeks | 404,903 (10.8%) | 36,595 (9.8%) | 111,760 (10.8%) | 256,548 (11.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| LV systolic dysfunction | 411,881 (11.0%) | 35,846 (9.6%) | 110,050 (10.6%) | 265,985 (11.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiogenic shock within 24 hours | 111,941 (3.0%) | 12,850 (3.5%) | 34,806 (3.4%) | 64,285 (2.8%) | < 0.0001 |
| Cardiac arrest within 24 hours | 79,979 (2.1%) | 9,380 (2.5%) | 24,938 (2.4%) | 45,661 (2.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes | 1,398,487 (37.3%) | 135,088 (36.3%) | 379,181 (36.6%) | 884,218 (37.8%) | < 0.0001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 469,625 (12.5%) | 40,645 (10.9%) | 123,214 (11.9%) | 305,766 (13.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 464,691 (12.4%) | 38,619 (10.4%) | 121,123 (11.7%) | 304,949 (13.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension | 3,078,534 (82.1%) | 299,656 (80.6%) | 840,832 (81.1%) | 1,938,046 (82.9%) | < 0.0001 |
| Current/recent smoker | 1,023,367 (27.3%) | 97,825 (26.3%) | 285,815 (27.6%) | 639,727 (27.4%) | < 0.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 2,946,961 (78.6%) | 280,712 (75.5%) | 798,604 (77.0%) | 1,867,645 (79.9%) | < 0.0001 |
| Prior PCI | 1,517,079 (40.5%) | 135,487 (36.4%) | 396,251 (38.2%) | 985,341 (42.1%) | < 0.0001 |
| Prior CABG | 683,993 (18.3%) | 59,328 (16.0%) | 176,312 (17.0%) | 448,353 (19.2%) | < 0.0001 |
| Admission symptoms | < 0.0001 | ||||
| No symptoms | 263,404 (7.0%) | 27,015 (7.3%) | 72,061 (7.0%) | 164,328 (7.0%) | |
| Atypical chest pain | 87,934 (2.4%) | 8,629 (2.3%) | 23,745 (2.3%) | 55,560 (2.4%) | |
| Stable angina | 557,868 (14.9%) | 57,820 (15.6%) | 148,830 (14.4%) | 351,218 (15%) | |
| Unstable angina | 1,439,897 (38.4%) | 128,290 (34.5%) | 377,111 (36.4%) | 934,496 (40.0%) | |
| NSTEMI | 770,313 (20.6%) | 73,077 (19.7%) | 218,222 (21.0%) | 479,014 (20.5%) | |
| STEMI | 627,501 (16.7%) | 76,900 (20.7%) | 196,868 (19.0%) | 353,733 (15.1%) | |
| Appropriate PCI | 3,037,924 (81.1%) | 297,483 (80.0%) | 845,716 (81.6%) | 1,894,725 (81.0%) | < 0.0001 |
| PCI status | < 0.0001 | ||||
| Elective | 1,499,915 (40.0%) | 149,119 (40.1%) | 397,661 (38.3%) | 953,135 (40.8%) | |
| Urgent | 1,545,413 (41.2%) | 136,865 (36.8%) | 419,364 (40.4%) | 989,184 (42.3%) | |
| Emergency | 686,402 (18.3%) | 83,956 (22.6%) | 214,908 (20.7%) | 387,538 (16.6%) | |
| Salvage | 14,761 (0.4%) | 1776 (0.5%) | 4705 (0.5%) | 8,280 (0.4%) |
Continuous data presented as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile); categorical data presented as count (percent), except where otherwise noted.
*
has a residency or fellowship program; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; BMI, body mass index, MI, myocardial infarction; CHF, congestive heart failure; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; CABG; coronary artery bypass grafting; NSTEMI, non-ST segment elevation MI; STEMI, ST segment elevation MI.