Table 3.
Effect of Social Security income on the caregiving behavior of children.
| Informal home care, child/children | Informal home care, daughters | Informal home care, sons | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| (1) Reduced-form |
(2) OLS |
(3) IV |
(1) Reduced-form |
(2) OLS |
(3) IV |
(1) Reduced-form |
(2) OLS |
(3) IV |
|
| Social Security income (thousands) | −0.003*** (0.001) | −0.027** (0.013) | −0.002*** (0.001) | −0.011 (0.010) | −0.002** (0.001) | −0.019** (0.009) | |||
| Elasticity | [−0.248] | [−2.230] | [−0.234] | [−1.285] | [−0.415] | [−3.940] | |||
| Indicator for the 1911–1917 cohorts | −0.021** (0.009) | −0.009 (0.008) | −0.015** (0.007) | ||||||
| Age | −0.025 (0.373) | −0.092 (0.386) | 0.339 (0.377) | 0.291 (0.357) | 0.281 (0.368) | 0.436 (0.334) | −0.630*** (0.203) | −0.686*** (0.229) | −0.378* (0.208) |
| Age squared | −0.000 (0.005) | 0.001 (0.005) | −0.005 (0.005) | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.004 (0.005) | −0.006 (0.004) | 0.008*** (0.003) | 0.008*** (0.003) | 0.005* (0.003) |
| Age cubed | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | −0.000*** (0.000) | −0.000*** (0.000) | −0.000* (0.000) |
| Male | −0.069*** (0.010) | −0.068*** (0.010) | −0.070*** (0.010) | −0.048*** (0.009) | −0.048*** (0.008) | −0.049*** (0.008) | −0.030*** (0.006) | −0.028*** (0.005) | −0.030*** (0.006) |
| Married | −0.130*** (0.011) | −0.117*** (0.012) | −0.008 (0.060) | −0.103*** (0.008) | −0.094*** (0.008) | −0.054 (0.046) | −0.047*** (0.007) | −0.040*** (0.008) | 0.038 (0.043) |
| White | −0.019 (0.022) | −0.015 (0.022) | 0.014 (0.027) | −0.004 (0.015) | −0.001 (0.015) | 0.010 (0.020) | −0.007 (0.015) | −0.005 (0.015) | 0.016 (0.020) |
| Hispanic | −0.042* (0.021) | −0.046** (0.021) | −0.074*** (0.024) | −0.021 (0.019) | −0.023 (0.019) | −0.034 (0.021) | −0.037*** (0.013) | −0.039*** (0.013) | −0.059*** (0.015) |
| Education | |||||||||
| High school | −0.045*** (0.008) | −0.042*** (0.008) | −0.015 (0.017) | −0.035*** (0.009) | −0.032*** (0.009) | −0.022 (0.015) | −0.014** (0.007) | −0.013* (0.007) | 0.007 (0.012) |
| Some college | −0.072*** (0.015) | −0.067*** (0.015) | −0.039** (0.018) | −0.058*** (0.012) | −0.055*** (0.012) | −0.045** (0.017) | −0.022* (0.012) | −0.019 (0.012) | 0.001 (0.015) |
| College | −0.000 (0.012) | 0.001 (0.012) | 0.012 (0.012) | −0.000 (0.009) | 0.001 (0.008) | 0.005 (0.009) | −0.001 (0.009) | −0.000 (0.009) | 0.007 (0.010) |
| Post college | −0.051*** (0.015) | −0.045*** (0.015) | −0.002 (0.024) | −0.050*** (0.012) | −0.046*** (0.012) | −0.031 (0.019) | −0.007 (0.013) | −0.003 (0.013) | 0.027 (0.019) |
| Size of the household | 0.048*** (0.007) | 0.048*** (0.007) | 0.049*** (0.007) | 0.040*** (0.006) | 0.040*** (0.006) | 0.040*** (0.006) | 0.013*** (0.004) | 0.013*** (0.004) | 0.014*** (0.004) |
| Number of living sons | 0.014*** (0.003) | 0.013*** (0.003) | 0.013*** (0.003) | −0.006** (0.003) | −0.006** (0.003) | −0.006** (0.003) | 0.026*** (0.004) | 0.026*** (0.004) | 0.026*** (0.004) |
| Number of living daughters | 0.030*** (0.004) | 0.029*** (0.004) | 0.027*** (0.004) | 0.041*** (0.005) | 0.040*** (0.005) | 0.040*** (0.005) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.004 (0.003) | −0.005 (0.003) |
| Region | |||||||||
| Midwest | 0.001 (0.010) | 0.001 (0.009) | 0.000 (0.010) | 0.014 (0.010) | 0.014 (0.009) | 0.013 (0.010) | −0.012 (0.008) | −0.012 (0.008) | −0.012 (0.008) |
| South | −0.010 (0.011) | −0.012 (0.011) | −0.030** (0.015) | 0.007 (0.010) | 0.006 (0.010) | −0.001 (0.013) | −0.012 (0.007) | −0.013* (0.007) | −0.026*** (0.008) |
| West | −0.032*** (0.010) | −0.033*** (0.010) | −0.045*** (0.013) | −0.025*** (0.009) | −0.026*** (0.009) | −0.030** (0.012) | −0.008 (0.007) | −0.009 (0.007) | −0.017** (0.008) |
| MSA size | |||||||||
| 1,000,000 or more | 0.007 (0.008) | 0.011 (0.008) | 0.036** (0.015) | 0.003 (0.008) | 0.006 (0.008) | 0.015 (0.011) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.007 (0.006) | 0.025* (0.013) |
| 250,000 – 999,999 | −0.005 (0.009) | −0.002 (0.010) | 0.017 (0.013) | −0.016 (0.010) | −0.014 (0.010) | −0.007 (0.011) | 0.003 (0.006) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.019** (0.009) |
| 100,000–249,999 | 0.039** (0.018) | 0.041** (0.019) | 0.048** (0.021) | 0.019 (0.014) | 0.020 (0.015) | 0.023 (0.016) | 0.017 (0.014) | 0.018 (0.014) | 0.023 (0.015) |
| Under 100,000 | −0.004 (0.024) | −0.001 (0.023) | 0.007 (0.025) | 0.008 (0.023) | 0.009 (0.023) | 0.012 (0.023) | 0.023 (0.020) | 0.025 (0.019) | 0.031 (0.020) |
| Constant | 1.563 (9.808) | 3.603 (10.148) | −8.306 (9.983) | −6.902 (9.355) | −6.528 (9.646) | −10.834 (8.780) | 16.724*** (5.298) | 18.398*** (6.014) | 9.877* (5.548) |
| Observations | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 | 6836 |
All regressions are weighted using the Final Annual LSOA II weight. Robust standard errors are listed in parenthesis and are clustered at the birth year of the respondent. The endogenous variable of interest is Social Security income, and the instrument is an indicator variable for respondents in households in which the primary beneficiary was born during 1911–1917. The elasticity with respect to Social Security income is calculated at the means of dependent variables and Social Security income of the sample.
*
Corresponds to statistical significance at the 10% level.
**
Corresponds to statistical significance at the 5% level.
***
Corresponds to statistical significance at the 1% level.