Table 6.

Robustness analysis.

	Formal home care	Informal home care	Informal home care, child/children	Informal home care, daughters	Informal home care, sons
Baseline (N = 6836)	0.021** (0.009)	−0.005 (0.015)	−0.027** (0.013)	−0.011 (0.010)	−0.019** (0.009)
F-statistics for weak IV test	44.98	44.98	44.98	44.98	44.98
Stock-Yogo critical value (10% LIML size)	16.38	16.38	16.38	16.38	16.38
Add health-related controls (N = 6836)	0.021** (0.010)	−0.004 (0.015)	−0.026** (0.012)	−0.010 (0.010)	−0.019** (0.008)
F-statistics for weak IV test	42.67	42.67	42.67	42.67	42.67
Drop widowed and divorced females (N = 3999)	0.030*** (0.011)	0.005 (0.014)	−0.007 (0.009)	0.003 (0.006)	−0.006 (0.006)
F-statistics for weak IV test	28.67	28.67	28.67	28.67	28.67
Drop if the primary beneficiary was born in 1918–1919 (N = 5946)	0.016 (0.010)	0.011 (0.013)	−0.022* (0.013)	−0.013 (0.010)	−0.012 (0.009)
F-statistics for weak IV test	53.96	53.96	53.96	53.96	53.96
Keep if primary beneficiary was born in 1910–1920 (N = 4025)	0.021* (0.012)	−0.003 (0.015)	−0.019 (0.012)	−0.004 (0.009)	−0.017** (0.008)
F-statistics for weak IV test	27.76	27.76	27.76	27.76	27.76

All regressions are weighted using the Final Annual LSOA II weight. The set of covariates in all estimations includes the control variables listed in Table 1. Robust standard errors are listed in parenthesis and are clustered at the birth year of the respondent. The endogenous variable of interest is Social Security income, and the instrument is an indicator variable for respondents in households in which the primary beneficiary was born during 1911–1917.

^*Corresponds to statistical significance at the 10% level.

^**Corresponds to statistical significance at the 5% level.

^***Corresponds to statistical significance at the 1% level.