Abstract
Background
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of disease-related death in Saudi Arabia. The incidence of CVDs continues to increase, presenting a major health care problem. Nonprescription medications are widely used by patients with CVD and may cause adverse drug events, either by worsening the disease or by harmfully interacting with prescribed medications. We investigated the patterns of nonprescription medication utilization and the factors associated with their use in patients with CVD.
Methods
This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Cardiology Clinics of an academic tertiary health care center. Participants were asked about their sociodemographic characteristics, medical history and frequency of using nonprescription medications including over-the-counter (OTC) products, dietary supplements, and herbal products. Moreover, we investigated the participants’ sources of information about nonprescription medications. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the predictors of nonprescription medication use.
Results
A total of 209 participants were interviewed. The mean age of the participants was 56 ± 15 years, and 110 (52.6%) were female. Of the 209 participants, 116 (55%) reported routine use of nonprescription medications. Black seeds and garlic were the most frequently used herbal products. Acetaminophen, cold/cough remedies, and ibuprofen were the most commonly reported OTC drugs. Of the surveyed patients, 54 (46.5%) used nonprescription medications to manage cardiovascular conditions specifically. Compared with other comorbidities, diabetes mellitus was associated with a higher use of nonprescription medications.
Conclusion
In patients with CVD, the routine use of nonprescription medications was common for a number of reasons. Health care providers should proactively discuss nonprescription use with their CVD patients to avoid potential harmful outcomes.
Keywords: Nonprescription medications, Nonconventional medicine, Complementary and alternative medicine, Over-the-counter medicine, Cardiovascular disease, Cardiac patients, Herbal medicine, Traditional medicines
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; OTC drugs, over-the-counter drugs; CAM, complementary and alternative medicine; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
1. Introduction
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of disease-related death in Saudi Arabia, similar to previous findings reported globally (Al-Omran, 2012). Although there are limited data on the incidence and prevalence of CVDs among Saudis, these indicators are expected to increase due to the increase in risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and physical inactivity, as reported in recent studies (Alenazi et al., 2015, Gao et al., 2013, Heart Disease Facts &, 2016, Rabito and Kaye, 2013).
The data on conventional medicine have demonstrated that the effective use of therapeutic agents for CVDs leads to better health outcomes (Amsterdam et al., 2014, Fonarow et al., 2011, Yancy et al., 2013). The recent American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend medications such as beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, aspirin, and high-intensity statins to prolong survival and reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications, including stroke, heart failure, and myocardial infarction (Amsterdam et al., 2014). Similarly, in patients with heart failure, guideline-directed medical therapy improves quality of life, reduces future re-hospitalizations and reduces the risk of mortality (Fonarow et al., 2011, Yancy et al., 2013).
Recent reports have suggested that the regular use of nonprescription medications to treat chronic conditions such as CVDs is common. However, this use has been associated with adverse drug events and poor adherence to prescribed medications (Bahall, 2015, Grant et al., 2012, Mattila et al., 2013, Rottlaender et al., 2007). For example, the concomitant administration of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) or garlic (Allium sativum) with warfarin or aspirin may enhance the risk of bleeding, representing an interaction with potentially serious outcomes (Bahall and Edwards, 2015, Wang, 2015). Many factors have been linked to nonprescription medications utilization in CVDs patients, including patients’ stress and psychological state, the accessibility and affordability of nonprescription medications, and the widespread advertising of nonprescription medications as harmless therapy for controlling a number of CVDs symptoms (Grant et al., 2012, Prasad et al., 2013, Rabito and Kaye, 2013). Although data have suggested that the Saudi population has a higher utilization of nonprescription medications than those in different studies worldwide, there are no data on the use of nonprescription medications in Saudi patients with CVDs (Elolemy and Albedah, 2012). Therefore, our study investigated the utilization patterns of nonprescription medications in this important patient population.
2. Methods
2.1. Study design
A cross-sectional study was conducted in adult cardiology clinics at King Saud University Medical City, which is a tertiary hospital in Riyadh with a 900-bed capacity.
2.2. Study population
Subjects were adults aged 18 years or older with a documented diagnosis of a CVD, including at least one of the following: heart failure with reduced or preserved ejection fraction, chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, or hypertension. Subjects were required to be scheduled for regular visits and able to respond to the interview questions. Subjects were excluded if they were unable to answer the interview questions for any reason.
2.3. Data collection and study plan
After the study had been approved by the King Saud University Medical City Institution Review Board Committee, a pilot study was conducted with the target population to validate the survey. Patients diagnosed with a CVD at the cardiology clinic of this tertiary academic hospital who met the inclusion criteria were randomly asked to participate in the study and answer all the survey's questions. Participants were surveyed prior to their clinic appointment. The survey asked participants about their socio-demographic data (age, sex, marital status, education level, and income), comorbidities, and frequency of nonprescription medication use (including OTC products, dietary supplements, and herbal supplements). The definition of nonprescription medications in the current study was (derived from extracted based on in accordance with) a recent published study which conducted at the University of Wisconsin in the United States of America (Mattila et al., 2013). OTC medications, was defined as drugs or natural products that can be accessed by the patients directly regardless of physician prescription, thus patients are the principal contributors in the management of their own health status (Cooper, 2013) Economic level was categorized according to the annual income by Saudi riyal into; (low: <40.000, middle: 40.000–80.000, high: >80.000). Participants were also asked about their reasons for using nonprescription medications, their most common source of information about the safety and efficacy of nonprescription medications, and whether they had discussed nonprescription medications with their health care providers.
2.4. Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics were used to report the prevalence of nonprescription medication use. Percentages and frequencies were used to summarize the categorical variables, while means and standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables. Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test as required and two-sample t-tests were used to summarize the relationships between demographic variables and the use of nonprescription medications for categorical and continuous data, respectively. A logistic regression model was used to assess the changes in risk of nonprescription medication use based on participants’ sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS for Windows, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
3. Results
In total, 209 participants were interviewed; 99 (47.4%) were male and 110 (52.6%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 56.5 years (SD = 15.5). More than half of the participants had dyslipidemia, and two-thirds had hypertension. Nonprescription medication users differed significantly from non-users in osteoarthritis only (p = 0.025). Table 1 shows the clinical and demographic characteristics of the participants.
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Nonprescription medication use |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Total population n = 209 (%) | Users n = 116 (%) | Non-users n = 93 (%) | P Value |
| Age, years (Mean ± SD) | 56.5 ± 15.5 | 55.8 ± 15.3 | 57.9 ± 15.3 | 0.599 |
| Sex | 0.587 | |||
| Male | 99 (47.3) | 53 (25.3) | 46 (22) | |
| Female | 110 (52.6) | 63 (30.1) | 47 (22.4) | |
| Marital status | 0.858 | |||
| Married | 163 (78) | 91 (43.5) | 72 (34.4) | |
| Unmarried | 46 (22) | 25 (11.9) | 21 (10) | |
| Education level | 0.783 | |||
| No education | 60 (28.7) | 33 (15.7) | 27 (12.9) | |
| Elementary school | 38 (18.2) | 18 (8.6) | 20 (9.5) | |
| Middle school | 24 (11.5) | 13 (6.2) | 11 (5.2) | |
| High school | 31 (14.8) | 18 (8.6) | 13 (6.2) | |
| Higher education | 56 (26.8) | 34 (16.2) | 22 (10.5) | |
| Income | 0.521 | |||
| Low income; <40.000 | 101 (48.3) | 52 (24.8) | 49 (23.4) | |
| Medium income; 40.000–80.000 | 31 (14.8) | 18 (8.6) | 13 (6.2) | |
| High income; >80.000 | 77 (36.8) | 46 (22) | 31 (14.8) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | 149 (71.3) | 85 (40.6) | 64 (30.6) | 0.479 |
| Hypertension | 140 (67.0) | 78 (37.3) | 62 (29.6) | 0.930 |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 6 (2.9) | 4 (1.9) | 2 (0.9) | 0.695 |
| Heart failure | 58 (27.8) | 33 (15.7) | 25 (11.9) | 0.802 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 30 (14.4) | 18 (8.6) | 12 (5.7) | 0.592 |
| Arrhythmia | 57 (27.3) | 29 (13.8) | 28 (13.3) | 0.410 |
| Thromboembolic disorders | 76 (36.4) | 43 (20.5) | 33 (15.7) | 0.813 |
| Valvular heart disease | 39 (18.7) | 22 (10.5) | 17 (8.1) | 0.899 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 104 (49.8) | 51 (24.4) | 53 (25.3) | 0.061 |
| Renal insufficiency | 37 (17.7) | 22 (10.5) | 15 (7.1) | 0.593 |
| Osteoarthritis* | 108 (51.7) | 68 (32.5) | 40 (19.1) | 0.025 |
| Asthma/COPD | 18 (8.6) | 12 (5.7) | 6 (2.8) | 0.319 |
| Other | 23 (11) | 17 (8.1) | 6 (2.8) | 0.060 |
| Family history of DM/HTN | 162 (77.5) | 89 (42.5) | 73 (34.9) | 0.761 |
COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HTN, hypertension.
More than half of the study participants reported regularly using at least one nonprescription medication in the last three months. Black seeds (Nigella sativa) were the most commonly used herbal therapy (33%), followed by garlic (Allium sativum) (21.5%). Cold and cough remedies (including antihistamines, decongestants, and cough medicines) were reported by 23.4%, and ibuprofen by 14.3% were the most commonly utilized OTC medications. Table 2 provides detailed information on the types of nonprescription medications used.
Table 2.
Frequency of using nonprescription medications.
| Most frequently used nonprescription medications | Nonprescription medication users = 116 n (%) |
|---|---|
| Herbal medicines | |
| Black seeds (Nigella sativa) | 69 (33) |
| Garlic (Allium sativum) | 45 (21.5) |
| Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) | 1 (0.5) |
| Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) | 1 (0.5) |
| OTC products | |
| Cold/cough remedies | 49 (23.4) |
| Ibuprofen | 30 (14.3) |
| Diclofenac | 22 (10.5) |
| Dietary supplements | 24 (11.5) |
| PPI/antacids | 14 (6.6) |
OTC, over-the-counter; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.
Of the 209 patients surveyed, a large percentage used acetaminophen regularly or irregularly (62.2%) as an OTC medication; however, acetaminophen was not included in the analysis. After the multivariate logistic regression, participants with diabetes were found to be more likely to use nonprescription medications (OR 2.18, 95%CI 1.106–4.307). Other demographic characteristics and comorbidities did not predict nonprescription medication use, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Predictors of nonprescription medication use.
| Variable | OR | 95%CI |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.04 |
| Income | ||
| Low income | Reference | |
| High income | 1.06 | 0.42–2.63 |
| Level of education | ||
| No education | Reference | |
| Elementary school | 0.71 | 0.27–1.88 |
| Middle school | 0.76 | 0.27–2.11 |
| High school | 0.72 | 0.27–1.90 |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Heart failure | 0.79 | 0.40–1.54 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 0.82 | 0.35–1.93 |
| Hypertension | 0.94 | 0.47–1.90 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.6 | 0.26–1.31 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.2 | 1.11–4.30 |
Of the 116 participants who reported routine use of nonprescription medications, 54 (46.5%) indicated that they had used nonprescription medications specifically to manage a cardiovascular condition. In this study, routine use means on a regular basis such as daily or weekly which was explained to the participants. Regarding physician-patient relationships, 31.6% of the patients visited more than one physician during the same period. Moreover, only 22.5% had discussed their use of nonprescription medications with their health care providers during follow-up visits. Very few patients, 2.4% of the sample, reported that their physicians recommended using nonprescription medications.
The majority of the study participants assumed that nonprescription medications were harmless, and many believed that they improved general health and were widely available (61.7%, 58.2%, and 41.1%, respectively). Table 4 provides the most common reasons that study participants used nonprescription medications. Advice from friends and family was the most common primary source of information about nonprescription medications, reported by more than half of nonprescription medication users (57.7%), followed by media and advertising (44.5%), and the patients themselves (36.5%). Table 5 presents the study participants’ primary sources of information about nonprescription medications. However, because these were the last questions in the survey, 34 participants didn’t answer them.
Table 4.
Reasons for using nonprescription medications.
| Reason | Patients completed the survey = 175 n (%) |
|---|---|
| Harmless | 108 (61.7) |
| Improve general health | 102 (58.2) |
| Widely available and easy to use | 72 (41.1) |
| Side effects of prescribed medications | 50 (28.5) |
| More beneficial than prescribed medications | 39 (22.2) |
| Other reasons | 10 (5.7) |
Table 5.
Source of information about nonprescription medications.
| Source | Patients completed the survey = 175 n (%) |
|---|---|
| Family and friends | 101 (57.7) |
| Media and advertising | 78 (44.5) |
| Patients themselves | 64 (36.5) |
| Other patient | 49 (28) |
| Healthcare provider | 43 (24.5) |
| CAM practitioner | 38 (21.7) |
CAM, complementary and alternative medicine.
4. Discussion
Our study identified a high frequency of nonprescription medication utilization in patients with CVDs. Compared with previous reports from North America, this study showed a similar frequency but with different patterns (Mattila et al., 2013, Prasad et al., 2013). In a systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), the frequency of herbal supplement use ranged between 2% and 46%; the prevalence in our study was 43%, which falls within this range (Grant et al., 2012). Our study showed that black seeds (Nigella sativa) were the most utilized herbal medicine (33%). This finding differed from previous reports and is unique to our patient population (Amira and Okubadejo, 2007, Bahall, 2015, Mattila et al., 2013, Prasad et al., 2013). The high use of black seeds could be explained by religious factors and the use of prophetic medicine (Al-Tibb-e-Nabawi) (Ahmad et al., 2013, Elolemy and Albedah, 2012). This type of nonconventional medicine is derived from the holy Qura'an and the prophet Mohammed guide (Hadith) to treat or diagnose different diseases (Ahmad et al., 2013, AlRawi et al., 2017, Saniotis, 2012). Furthermore, this study showed that despite its potential drug-herb interactions, garlic (Allium sativum) was used as a supplement by 21.5% of Saudi patients, and this prevalence was higher than the 11.7% reported among patients at Mayo Clinic in Minnesota (Prasad et al., 2013). However, a similar prevalence was reported in a Nigerian study with a hypertensive population, in which 21% used garlic (Amira and Okubadejo, 2007).
A recent study of 161 heart failure patients reported that 50% of the patients used acetaminophen for pain relief, compared to the 62.2% in our population. This difference might be explained by the different cardiac-related problems in our study population. However, in the same study, cold/cough remedies were also one of the most frequently reported OTC medications, used by 17.3% of the patients; this is in accordance with the findings of the present study, although cold/cough remedies were more frequently used, at 23.4% (Mattila et al., 2013). Additional studies are needed to investigate the use of cold/cough remedies in patients with other CVDs. A cross-sectional study in the US reported that 75.4% of the participants used dietary supplements, differing from our findings (11.5%) in this CVDs population (Prasad et al., 2013).
Many questions have emerged regarding the safety of OTC medications in CVDs patients, especially nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A recent national cohort study in Taiwan showed that the use of NSAIDs in hypertensive patients increased the risk of chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, this risk was higher for patients with diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, or with aspirin and statin use in the last year (Hsu et al., 2015). These factors are important to consider, as the prevalence of hypertension was very high in the current study (67%).
For patients with heart failure, the regular use of NSAIDs is harmful and associated with deterioration in patient status (Yancy et al., 2013). Moreover, patients who concurrently use warfarin and NSAIDs are at an increased risk of bleeding (Holbrook et al., 2012).
Nearly half of nonprescription medication users reported that they used these medications to manage their CVDs; this finding is consistent with other reports that indicated that up to 44.2% of patients used complementary therapies for CVDs symptoms (Prasad et al., 2013).
Moreover, the small proportion of CVDs patients who discussed nonprescription therapies with their physician (22.5%) appeared to reflect an underreporting and lack of awareness of health care providers regarding their patients’ use of CAM (Grant et al., 2012).
To understand the perceptions and characteristics motivating cardiac patients to use nonprescription therapies, two questions in the survey asked patients about their reasons for using nonprescription medications and their sources of information. Despite the evidence indicating the occurrence of adverse events due to drug-drug interactions and herb-drug interactions, patient perceptions about the safe use of nonprescription medications remain influential (Grant et al., 2012). More than half of this study population (61.7%) believed that nonprescription medications were harmless. These results support a previous study on coronary artery disease in which patients stated that their primary reason for using CAM was that it had fewer side effects than prescribed medications (Chu et al., 2013). Other important findings of our study pertain to users’ sources of information about nonprescription medications. Of the 175 participants who completed this question, 57.7% received information about nonprescription medications from family and friends and 44.5% from media and advertising. In contrast, a lower proportion of participants (24.5%) consulted a health care provider including a pharmacist, physician, or nurse about their nonprescription use. Similar data have been reported by Mandreker Bahall, who found that family (52.4%) and friends (46.5%) were the main sources of information, whereas the least common source of information was clinic staff (2.2%) (Bahall, 2015).
We recognize that our study has several limitations, including the fact that it may have been difficult for patients to recall the nonprescribed medications used in the last three months. Patients were surveyed at a single hospital, which might not be representative of the overall population of cardiac patients in Saudi Arabia. This limitation may be minimal, as a recent study on traditional medicine use among neurological patients at the same hospital reported that a considerable proportion of the surveyed patients lived outside Riyadh city (Mohammad et al., 2015). Therefore, the present findings may be generalized to the Saudi population. Despite these limitations, notable strengths of this study include the involvement of different CVDs, the random selection of participants to minimize bias, and the relatively homogenous distribution of male and female participants.
5. Conclusion
This is the first study to assess the use of nonprescription medications in patients with CVDs in Saudi Arabia. Our study indicated that nonprescription medication use was common among adults with CVDs, and the factors and patient behaviors associated with this use were identified. We recommend that clinicians consider the results of this study and spend more time discussing nonprescription medication use to ensure patient safety and medication effectiveness, as these changes should have a positive influence on clinical practice and economic burden.
Further research is needed to determine the health-related costs of personal use of nonprescription medications and costs spent to manage the adverse events resulting from this use.
6. Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
All participants provided written informed consent. The study was approved by the King Saud University Medical City Institution Review Board Committee, reference number: 16/0105/IRB.
Availability of data and material
All data generated and analyzed during the current study are available and included in this published article.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Authors’ contributions
ES conducted the study and collected the data. KA designed and coordinated the study and performed the data analysis. Both authors participated in the interpretation of the results and the drafting and approval of the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
This project was supported by the College of Pharmacy Research Centre, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University.
Footnotes
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Contributor Information
Eman M. Shorog, Email: eshorog@kku.edu.sa.
Khalid A. Alburikan, Email: kalburikan@ksu.edu.sa.
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