Table 1.
The demographic, life style, and disease history of study participants
| Number (%) of participants § | Mean (SD) of SBP | P-value | Optimal SBP N (%)* |
Prehypertension SBP N (%)* |
Hypertensive SBP Stage I N (%)* |
Hypertensive SBP Stage II N (%)* |
Mean (SD) of DBP | P-value | Hypertension N (%)* |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | 46,674 (100) | 127.0 (23.9) | 17,914 (38.4) | 15,754 (33.8) | 8,036 (17.2) | 4,961 (10.6) | 77.0 (13.7) | 18,694 (40.1) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | 26,848 (57.5) | 128.0 (24.6) | <0.001 | 9,996 (37.2) | 8,852 (33.0) | 4,804 (17.9) | 3,196 (11.9) | 77.7 (13.8) | <0.001 | 11,999 (44.7) |
| Male | 19,817 (42.5) | 125.5 (22.8) | 7,918 (40.0) | 6,902 (34.8) | 3,232 (16.3) | 1,765 (8.9) | 76.2 (13.5) | 6,695 (33.8) | ||
| Age | ||||||||||
| 40–49 years | 22,971 (49.2) | 121.0 (20.9) | <0.001 | 11,005 (47.9) | 7,872 (34.3) | 2,801 (12.2) | 1,291 (5.6) | 75.6 (13.4) | <0.001 | 6,855 (29.9) |
| 50–59 years | 14,672 (31.4) | 129.8 (24.4) | 4,871 (33.2) | 4,960 (33.8) | 2,984 (20.3) | 1,852 (12.6) | 78.1 (13.9) | 6,653 (45.4) | ||
| 60–69 years | 6,607 (14.2) | 136.3 (25.6) | 1,585 (24.0) | 2,173 (32.9) | 1,594 (24.1) | 1,254 (19.0) | 79.0 (13.7) | 3,664 (55.5) | ||
| 70 years and above | 2,424 (5.2) | 140.5 (25.2) | 453 (18.7) | 749 (30.9) | 657 (27.1) | 564 (23.3) | 78.6 (13.3) | 1,522 (62.8) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||||||
| Non-Turkmen | 11,690 (25.1) | 126.1 (22.9) | <0.001 | 4,670 (40.0) | 4,045 (34.6) | 1,877 (16.1) | 1,098 (9.4) | 77.1 (12.3) | 0.547 | 4,361 (37.3) |
| Turkmen | 34,984 (74.9) | 127.2 (24.2 | 13,244 (37.9) | 11,709 (33.5) | 6,159 (17.6) | 3,863 (11.1) | 77.0 (14.1) | 14,333 (40.1) | ||
| Area of residence | ||||||||||
| Rural | 37,715 (80.8) | 127.0 (24.0) | 0.539 | 14,395 (38.2) | 12,719 (33.7) | 6,541 (17.4) | 4,053 (10.8) | 76.9 (14.0) | <0.001 | 15,081 (40.0) |
| Urban | 8,958 (19.2) | 126.8 (23.4) | 3,518 (39.3) | 3,035 (33.9) | 1,495 (16.7) | 908 (10.1) | 77.7 (12.2) | 3,613 (40.3) | ||
| Education | ||||||||||
| Illiterate | 32,578 (69.8) | 128.6 (24.9) | <0.001 | 11,734 (36.0) | 10,725 (32.9) | 6,063 (18.6) | 4,048 (12.4) | 77.1 (14.1) | <0.001 | 14,280 (43.9) |
| Under 5 years of education | 7,994 (17.1) | 124.2 (21.6) | 3,393 (42.5) | 2,817 (35.2) | 1,200 (15.0) | 583 (7.3) | 77.0 (12.9) | 2,667 (33.4) | ||
| 6–8 years of education | 2,085 (4.5) | 122.3 (20.1) | 941 (45.1) | 752 (36.1) | 262 (12.6) | 130 (6.2) | 76.1 (12.2) | 598 (28.7) | ||
| High school diploma | 3,008 (6.4) | 121.6 (19.5) | 1,387 (46.1) | 1,092 (36.3) | 381 (12.7) | 148 (4.9) | 76.1 (12.2) | 839 (27.9) | ||
| University education | 1,009 (2.5) | 122.1 (19.5) | 459 (45.5) | 368 (36.5) | 130 (12.9) | 52 (5.2) | 77.3 (11.7) | 310 (30.7) | ||
| Marital Status | ||||||||||
| Married | 41,178 (88.2) | 126.2 (23.5) | <0.001 | 16,223 (39.4) | 13,987 (34.0) | 6,873 (16.7) | 4,088 (9.9) | 76.9 (13.6) | <0.001 | 15,847 (38.5) |
| Non-married | 5,496 (11.8) | 132.3 (26.1) | 1,691 (30.8) | 1,767 (32.2) | 1,163 (21.2) | 873 (15.9) | 78.1 (14.0) | 2,847 (51.8) | ||
| Ever cigarette smoking | ||||||||||
| No | 38,726 (83.0) | 128.0 (24.0) | <0.001 | 14,169 (36.6) | 13,221 (34.2) | 6,916 (17.9) | 4,413 (11.4) | 77.7 (13.6) | <0.001 | 16,358 (42.3) |
| Yes | 7,948 (17.0) | 121.9 (22.5) | 3,745 (47.1) | 2,533 (31.9) | 1,120 (14.1) | 548 (6.9) | 74.0 (13.5) | 2,336 (29.4) | ||
| Ever opium abuse | ||||||||||
| No | 38,956 (83.5) | 127.7 (23.7) | <0.001 | 14,349 (36.8) | 13,431 (34.5) | 6,913 (17.8) | 4,256 (10.9) | 77.7 (13.5) | <0.001 | 16,107 (41.4) |
| Yes | 7,718 (16.5) | 123.1 (24.5) | 3,565 (46.2) | 2,323 (30.1) | 1,123 (14.6) | 705 (9.1) | 73.8 (14.2) | 2,587 (33.5) | ||
| Ever alcohol use | ||||||||||
| No | 45,135 (96.7) | 127.0 (23.9) | 0.002 | 17,283 (38.3) | 15,225 (33.7) | 7,780 (17.2) | 4,838 (10.7) | 77.0 (13.7) | <0.001 | 18,156 (40.2) |
| Yes | 1,539 (3.3) | 125.1 (22.1) | 631 (41.0) | 529 (34.4) | 256 (16.6) | 123 (8.0) | 77.2 (12.7) | 538 (35.0) | ||
| History of diabetes mellitus | ||||||||||
| No | 43,754 (93.7) | 126.4 (23.7) | <0.001 | 17,157 (39.2) | 14,779 (33.8) | 7,352 (16.8) | 4,458 (10.2) | 76.9 (13.7) | <0.001 | 16,882 (38.6) |
| Yes | 2,920 (6.3) | 134.7 (24.7) | 757 (25.9) | 975 (33.4) | 684 (23.4) | 503 (17.2) | 79.6 (13.4) | 1,812 (62.1) | ||
| BMI | ||||||||||
| Underweight | 3,018 (6.5) | 117.2 (23.2) | <0.001 | 1,713 (56.8) | 811 (26.9) | 311 (10.3) | 182 (6.0) | 70.8 (13.5) | <0.001 | 704 (23.3) |
| Normal weight | 16,227 (34.8) | 122.9 (23.1) | 7,438 (45.9) | 5,217 (32.2) | 2,257 (13.9) | 1,312 (8.1) | 74.1 (13.3) | 4,989 (30.8) | ||
| Overweight | 15,750 (33.7) | 128.6 (23.6) | 5,530 (35.1) | 5,595 (35.5) | 2,860 (22.3) | 1,703 (14.6) | 78.1 (13.2) | 6,702 (42.6) | ||
| Obese | 11,679 (25.0) | 133.0 (23.7) | 3,233 (27.7) | 4,131 (35.4) | 2,608 (22.3) | 1,703 (14.6) | 81.3 (13.4) | 6,299 (54.0) |
SBP: Systolic Blood Pressure
DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure
BMI: Body Mass Index
Optimal SBP: SBP<120 mmHg
Prehypertensive SBP: 120–139 mmHg
Hypertensive SBP stage I: 140–159 mmHg
Hypertensive SBP stage II: 160 mmHg and above
Hypertension: SBP/DBP >= 140/90 mmHg OR being treated for hypertension
§
: percentages are reported for columns
*
: percentages are reported for rows