Table 1. The most significant SNPs from each locus that reached P<10⁻⁵ from the discovery meta-analysis in all individuals.

	Mat or Off	Chr	Position (bp)	EA/OA	EAFa	Early GWG				Late GWG				Total GWG
						N	Betab	s.e.	P-value	N	Betab	s.e.	P-value	N	Betab	s.e.	P-value
rs481396 (TMEM163)
Discovery	Mat	2	134 953 875	T/C	0.72	7704	0.059	0.018	9.1 × 10−4	7681	0.062	0.018	4.1 × 10−4	10 537	0.068	0.015	6.8 × 10−6
Replication	Mat	2	134 953 875	T/C	0.68	1575	0.003	0.039	0.93	1637	−0.077	0.038	0.04	7883	−0.021	0.017	0.21
Discovery	Off	2	134 953 875	T/C	0.70	8552	0.034	0.017	0.05	8623	0.030	0.017	0.08	15 642	0.027	0.013	0.03
Replication	Off	2	134 953 875	T/C	0.70	3288	0.037	0.028	0.18	778	0.020	0.060	0.73	4546	0.014	0.025	0.57
rs3924699 (LCORL)
Discovery	Mat	4	18 300 153	G/C	0.10	7704	0.101	0.028	3.6 × 10−4	7681	0.109	0.028	1.1 × 10−4	10 543	0.106	0.024	9.0 × 10−6
Replication	Mat	4	18 300 153	G/C	0.11	1570	0.041	0.059	0.49	1633	0.003	0.057	0.96	7321	0.031	0.027	0.25
Discovery	Off	4	18 300 153	G/C	0.10	8552	0.054	0.027	0.04	8624	0.074	0.027	5.5 × 10−3	15 636	0.042	0.021	0.05
Replication	Off	4	18 300 153	G/C	0.08	3280	0.131	0.076	0.08	771	−0.017	0.139	0.90	4380	0.023	0.041	0.58
rs9995522 (UGDH)
Discovery	Mat	4	39 179 591	A/G	0.93	7704	0.118	0.033	4.1 × 10−4	7681	0.035	0.033	0.30	10 337	0.047	0.029	0.11
Rep lication	Mat	4	39 179 591	A/G	0.94	1303	0.153	0.091	0.09	1365	0.030	0.089	0.74	7074	0.070	0.035	0.05
Discovery	Off	4	39 179 591	A/G	0.93	8552	0.161	0.032	5.3 × 10−7	8625	0.051	0.032	0.12	16 317	0.094	0.024	8.3 × 10−5
Replication	Off	4	39 179 591	A/G	0.94	3284	−0.037	0.060	0.53	774	0.019	0.122	0.88	4492	0.020	0.040	0.62
rs6457375 (HLA-C)
Discovery	Mat	6	31 380 591	G/A	0.52	7704	0.077	0.017	3.4 × 10−6	7681	0.035	0.017	0.04	9832	0.049	0.015	9.5 × 10−4
Replication	Mat	6	31 380 591	G/A	0.53	1294	0.002	0.036	0.96	1346	−0.035	0.036	0.33	6976	−0.001	0.015	0.96
Discovery	Off	6	31 380 591	G/A	0.52	8552	0.036	0.016	0.03	8625	0.038	0.016	0.02	15 166	0.029	0.012	0.02
Replication	Off	6	31 380 591	G/A	0.51	3209	−0.005	0.025	0.85	700	0.030	0.054	0.58	2972	−0.007	0.024	0.76
rs13295979 (ERCC6L2/HSD17B3)
Discovery	Mat	9	97 879 618	T/G	0.90	7704	0.113	0.037	2.4 × 10−3	7681	0.120	0.037	1.3 × 10−3	9832	0.138	0.033	2.4 × 10−5
Replication	Mat	9	97 879 618	T/G	0.92	1126	0.047	0.082	0.57	1112	0.028	0.083	0.74	5656	−0.004	0.035	0.91
Discovery	Off	9	97 879 618	T/G	0.90	8552	0.082	0.035	0.02	8623	0.073	0.035	0.04	15 166	0.078	0.027	3.3 × 10−3
Replication	Off	9	97 879 618	T/G	0.92	3209	−0.031	0.046	0.50	700	−0.039	0.096	0.68	3599	0.063	0.045	0.16
rs1702200 (GLRX3/TCERG1L)
Discovery	Mat	10	132 346 882	G/T	0.50	7704	0.035	0.017	0.03	7681	0.060	0.017	2.9 × 10−4	10 475	0.064	0.014	6.6 × 10−6
Replication	Mat	10	132 346 882	G/T	0.50	1576	−0.003	0.036	0.92	1638	0.025	0.035	0.48	7891	−0.024	0.016	0.14
Discovery	Off	10	132 346 882	G/T	0.50	8552	−0.011	0.016	0.50	8624	0.021	0.016	0.17	13 424	0.024	0.013	0.06
Replication	Off	10	132 346 882	G/T	0.50	3287	0.009	0.025	0.70	777	0.081	0.051	0.12	4527	0.014	0.022	0.54
rs7133083 (RBM19)
Discovery	Mat	12	112 942 277	A/G	0.83	7704	0.108	0.022	1.5 × 10−6	7681	0.056	0.023	0.01	9832	0.090	0.020	6.4 × 10−6
Replication	Mat	12	112 942 277	A/G	0.82	1582	0.028	0.049	0.57	1644	0.053	0.048	0.27	7361	0.005	0.021	0.83
Discovery	Off	12	112 942 277	A/G	0.83	8552	0.042	0.021	0.05	8623	0.005	0.021	0.80	15 165	0.018	0.016	0.26
Replication	Off	12	112 942 277	A/G	0.84	3208	−0.006	0.039	0.88	699	−0.030	0.087	0.73	3637	0.040	0.033	0.23
rs7301563 (NTF3)
Discovery	Mat	12	5 436 393	T/C	0.18	7704	0.024	0.022	0.26	7681	0.019	0.022	0.39	10 325	0.027	0.019	0.15
Replication	Mat	12	5 436 393	T/C	0.19	1576	0.042	0.047	0.38	1644	0.073	0.043	0.11	7355	−0.001	0.021	0.97
Discovery	Off	12	5 436 393	T/C	0.18	8552	0.088	0.019	4.9 × 10−6	8625	0.035	0.019	0.07	15 163	0.041	0.015	6.5 × 10−3
Replication	Off	12	5 436 393	T/C	0.18	3270	−0.060	0.032	0.06	760	−0.061	0.065	0.35	4312	−0.005	0.029	0.87
rs310087 (SYT4)
Discovery	Mat	18	39 147 836	A/G	0.49	7704	0.013	0.017	0.42	7681	0.023	0.017	0.17	9832	0.016	0.015	0.26
Replication	Mat	18	39 147 836	A/G	0.47	1581	−0.038	0.035	0.28	1643	−0.002	0.035	0.95	7357	0.009	0.017	0.59
Discovery	Off	18	39 147 836	A/G	0.48	8552	0.041	0.016	7.8 × 10−3	8623	0.055	0.016	4.6 × 10−4	12 995	0.060	0.013	3.0 × 10−6
Replication	Off	18	39 147 836	A/G	0.50	3285	−0.004	0.025	0.87	775	−0.003	0.051	0.95	4452	0.050	0.022	0.03
rs16989175 (PSG5)
Discovery	Mat	19	48 337 381	G/C	0.76	7704	0.068	0.020	5.3 × 10−4	7681	0.011	0.020	0.58	10 445	0.047	0.017	5.3 × 10−3
Replication	Mat	19	48 337 381	G/C	0.77	1577	−0.076	0.044	0.09	1639	−0.056	0.043	0.20	10 660	0.011	0.016	0.47
Discovery	Off	19	48 337 381	G/C	0.76	8552	0.046	0.019	0.02	8624	0.058	0.019	2.4 × 10−3	15 568	0.079	0.014	1.7 × 10−8
Replication	Off	19	48 337 381	G/C	0.76	3270	−0.040	0.028	0.15	760	−0.076	0.058	0.19	7561	−0.005	0.019	0.78

Abbreviations: EA/OA: effect allele/other allele; EAF, effect allele frequency; GWG, gestational weight gain; Mat, maternal genome; Off, Offspring (that is, fetal genome); SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism.

The nearest gene is used as the locus name. Values in bold indicate replication P⩽0.05.

^aAverage EAF across the cohorts in the total GWG meta-analyses.

^bBeta values are the difference in mean GWG in kg per week of gestation per additional effect allele.