Table 1. Sample characteristics and univariate changes in drug use over time.
| Indicator | Year 0 | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 7 | Year 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 481(100%) | n = 428(89%) | n = 410(85%) | n = 347(72%) | n = 296(61%) | |
| n (%) or M (SD) | |||||
| Contextual factors | |||||
| Baseline treatment (yes)OMTInpatientOutpatient | 74 (15%)307 (64%)100 (21%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Age at baseline | 30.70 (8.04) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Gender (male) | 326 (68%) | 286 (67%) | 280 (69%) | 231 (67%) | 189 (64%) |
| Education (high) | 134 (28%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Income from work (yes) | 55 (11%) | 65 (15%) | 81 (20%) | 90 (26%) | 87 (29) |
| Living with person who has substance abuse problems (yes) | 122 (25%) | 69 (16%) | 61 (15%) | 54 (16%) | 38 (13%) |
| OMT intermediate1 (yes) | 64 (13%) | 79 (19%) | 93 (23%) | 148 (43%) | 151 (51%) |
| Inpatient intermediate (yes) | 251 (52%) | 266 (62%) | 184 (45%) | 54 (16%) | 35 (12%) |
| Outpatient intermediate (yes) | 247 (51%) | 142 (33%) | 144 (35%) | 162 (47%) | 95 (32%) |
| Mental health disorders | |||||
| Anxiety (MCMI <84) | 161 (34%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Dysthymia (MCMI <84) | 168 (35%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Borderline personality disorder (MCMI <84) | 129 (27%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Antisocial personality disorder (MCMI <84) | 250 (52%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Psychosocial factors | |||||
| Parent(s) with psychological problems (yes) | 171 (36%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Parent(s) with alcohol or drug problems (yes) | 224 (47%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Primary school problems (yes) | 306 (64%) | ||||
| Emotional abuse (M/H) | 111 (24%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Physical abuse (M/H) | 99 (21%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Sexual abuse (M/H) | 130 (27%) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Drug use past month (yes) | |||||
| Heroin | 299 (62%)y1, y10 | 128 (30%)y0 | 116 (28%)y7 | 56 (16%)y2 | 47 (16%)y0 |
| Other opiates | 106 (22%)y1, y10 | 62 (15%)y0 | 46 (11%)y7 | 64 (18%)y2, y10 | 30 (10%)y0, y7 |
| Amphetamines | 164 (34%)y1, y10 | 75 (18%)y0 | 67 (16%)y7 | 73 (21%)y2 | 55 (19%)y0 |
| Cocaine | 26 (5%) | 21 (5%) | 20 (5%) | 19 (6%) | 14 (5%) |
| Opiate and stimulant use | 384 (80%)y1, y10 | 167 (39%)y0 | 159 (39%) | 138 (40%) | 101 (34%)y0 |
1Treatment prior to index treatment at baseliney = year
McNemar comparisons between y0 vs. y1, y1 vs. y2, y2 vs. y7, y7 vs. y10, y0 vs. y10.
Values with different subscripts are statistically different at p < .05 or below (Šidák corrected for multiple comparisons)