Table 3. Temporal multivariate associations between contextual factors, mental health disorders and psychosocial factors with use of opiates and stimulants.
| Indicator | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR | Z | CI 95% | SE | AOR | Z | CI 95% | SE | |
| Intercept | 6.47 | 10.76**** | 1.12 | .52 | -.95 | .14; 2.00 | .36 | |
| Time | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Year 0 (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Year 1 | .09 | -11.65**** | .06; .13 | .09 | .11 | -6.08**** | .05; .22 | .04 |
| Year 2 | .09 | -11.68**** | .06; 13 | .09 | .13 | -6.13**** | .07; .25 | .04 |
| Year 7 | .09 | -10.86**** | .06; .14 | .09 | .19 | -4.62**** | .10; .39 | .07 |
| Year 10 | .06 | -10.74**** | .03; .10 | .06 | .10 | -4.83**** | .04; .25 | .05 |
| Age at baseline | 1.54 | 2.22* | 1.05; 2.26 | .30 | ||||
| Gender (male) | 1.04 | 2.91*** | 1.01; 1.07 | .01 | ||||
| Income from work (yes) | .85 | -.37 | 0.36; 2.01 | .37 | ||||
| Primary school problems (yes) | .86 | -.78 | 0.59; 1.25 | .16 | ||||
| Education (high) | .79 | -1.17 | 0.54; 1.17 | .16 | ||||
| Parent(s) with psychological problems (yes) | .76 | -1.44 | 0.52; 1.11 | .15 | ||||
| Parent(s) with alcohol or drug problems (yes) | 1.60 | 2.56** | 1.12; 2.30 | .30 | ||||
| Antisocial personality disorder (MCMI <84) | 1.76 | 2.97*** | 1.21; 2.56 | .33 | ||||
| Borderline personality disorder (MCMI <84) | 1.22 | .77 | .73; 2.03 | .32 | ||||
| Anxiety (MCMI <84) | .86 | -.53 | .50; 1.49 | .24 | ||||
| Dysthymia (MCMI <84) | 1.25 | .73 | .69; 2.26 | .38 | ||||
| OMT intermediate (yes) | .19 | -3.46**** | .07; .49 | .09 | ||||
| Inpatient intermediate (yes) | 2.93 | 3.20**** | 1.52; 5.68 | .99 | ||||
| Outpatient intermediate (yes) | 1.64 | 3.35**** | 1.23; 2.19 | .24 | ||||
| Physical abuse (M/H) | .91 | -.39 | .56; 1.48 | .23 | ||||
| Emotional abuse (M/H) | 1.06 | .25 | .65; 1.74 | .27 | ||||
| Sexual abuse (M/H) | 1.33 | 1.28 | 0.86; 2.06 | .30 | ||||
| Baseline treatment | ||||||||
| OMT (ref. yes) | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Inpatient | .64 | -1.43 | 0.35; 1.18 | .20 | ||||
| Outpatient | .76 | -.75 | 0.37; 1.56 | .28 | ||||
| Living with person who abuses drugs (yes) | 1.13 | .36 | 0.58; 2.22 | .39 | ||||
| Income from work * Time | ||||||||
| Year 0 (ref. yes) | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Year 1 | .76 | -.49 | .24; 2.33 | .43 | ||||
| Year 2 | 1.09 | .16 | .37; 3.21 | .60 | ||||
| Year 7 | .18 | -2.66** | .05; .63 | .12 | ||||
| Year 10 | .44 | -1.12 | .11; 1.84 | .32 | ||||
| Living with person who abuses drugs * Time | ||||||||
| Year 0 (ref. yes) | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Year 1 | 5.46 | 3.49**** | 2.10; 14.16 | 2.66 | ||||
| Year 2 | 6.07 | 3.54**** | 2.24; 16.50 | 3.10 | ||||
| Year 7 | 3.44 | 2.17* | 1.12; 10.50 | 3.44 | ||||
| Year 10 | 14.86 | 3.44**** | 3.19; 69.14 | 11.66 | ||||
| OMT * Time | ||||||||
| Year 0 (ref. yes) | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Year 1 | 4.00 | 2.42* | 1.30; 13.34 | 2.30 | ||||
| Year 2 | 3.36 | 2.17* | 1.12; 10.02 | 1.87 | ||||
| Year 7 | 2.73 | 1.68 | .85; 8.81 | 1.63 | ||||
| Year 10 | 3.60 | 1.86 | .93; 13.95 | 2.49 | ||||
| Inpatient * Time | ||||||||
| Year 0 (ref. yes) | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Year 1 | .32 | -2.55** | 0.14; 0.77 | .14 | ||||
| Year 2 | .19 | -3.78**** | .08; .45 | .08 | ||||
| Year 7 | .20 | -2.73** | .06; .64 | .12 | ||||
| Year 10 | .11 | -2.81*** | .02; .51 | .09 | ||||
| Variance Components | ||||||||
| Intercept | 2.07 | - | 1.29;3.32 | .50 | 1.66 | - | .93; 2.97 | .49 |
| Time | .04 | - | .02; .09 | .02 | .06 | - | .03; .12 | .12 |
| Intercept/time | -.13 | -2.04* | -.25; -.01 | .06 | -.12 | -1.70 | .-27; .02 | .07 |
| Fit Statistics | ||||||||
| -2 LL | -1172.61 | -1031.06 | ||||||
****p < .001,
*** p < .005,
**p < .01,
*p < .05
AOR = adjusted odds ratio
SE = standard error
CI = confidence interval