Table 2. Study characteristics related to population, intervention or comparator groups, etiology of AKI, and eligibility criteria.
| Author, year | #of animals | Description of intervention | Description of comparator | Etiology of AKI | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adin, 2000 [22] | Dogs: 36 | Hemodialysis | Conservative treatment | Infectious | A single serum antibody titer ≥ 1:800 against any of 6 serovars of L. interrogans or evidence of seroconversion on paired serum samples, and clinical signs of leptospirosis. | NR |
| Behrend, 1996 [23] | Dogs: 29 | Conservative treatment | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records the animals with serum creatinine ≥ 2,5 mg/ dl. Only animals that developed AKI while in a veterinary hospital or under the care of a veterinary were included in the study. | NR |
| Brown, 2015 [1] | Dogs: 10 | Hemodialysis | Conservative treatment | Infectious and non-infectious | Inclusion criteria were acute onset of clinical signs (<7 days), serum creatinine concentration >5 mg/dL, urine production <0.5 mL/kg/h, urine specific gravity <1.025, absence of ultrasonographic evidence of chronic kidney disease, and body weight >15 kg. | NR |
| Cooper, 2011 [12] | Cats: 22 | Peritoneal Dialysis | Not applied | Non-infectious | Criteria for inclusion in the study consisted of diagnosis of acute kidney injury and at least 1 PD cycle performed. Acute kidney injury was defined as a severe and sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate and subsequent uremia. | Cats with uroabdomen because of bladder rupture. |
| Crisp, 1989 [13] | Dogs: 25 Cats: 2 | Peritoneal Dialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (January 1976—January 1987) that had serum blood creatinine > 10 mg/dl. | NR |
| Dorval, 2009 [26] | Cats: 6 | Peritoneal Dialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | All cats managed with PD for ARF between January 2003 and December 2007. Only cats diagnosed with ARF and a potentially reversible underlying disease were selected for PD. | Cats with signs suggestive of chronic kidney disease and cats believed to have an irreversible underlying disease were not selected for PD. |
| Eatroff, 2012 [7] | Dogs: 93 Cats: 42 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Cats and dogs that were treated with hemodialysis intermittent at the Bobst Hospital of the Animal Medical Center between January 1997 and October 2010. | Diagnosis of CKD made prior to or during the course of treatment with IHD, treatment with IHD as a blood purification treatment for an acute intoxication, the absence of a complete medical record, the use of continuous renal replacement therapy in addition to IHD, a concurrent diagnosis of neoplasia, and renal transplantation mediatelyfollowing IHD |
| Ferreira, 2010 [27] | Dogs: 132 | Conservative treatment | Not applied | Infectious | 132 female dogs with pyometra and AKI from 22 October 2004 to 17 February 2006. Inclusion criteria: creatinine ≥ 2.4 mg / dL and/or increases of 100% creatinine diagnosis 24 hours after ovariohysterectomy. | NR |
| Francey, 2002 [17] | Dogs 124 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records of all dogs that received hemodialysis treatment for the management of acute renal failure from January 1990 to February 2001. | NR |
| Harkin, 1996 [14] | Dogs: 17 | Conservative treatment | Not applied | Infectious | Medical records of dogs diagnosed with leptospirosis at the Oradell Animal Hospital in New Jersey and the Michigan State University Veterinary Clinical Center from 1990 through 1995. | NR |
| Langston, 1997 [6] | Cats: 29 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records the cats that were selected for dialysis based on severity of azotemia (serum creatinine concentration > 10 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen [BUN] concentration > I50 mg/dL), persistent oliguria or anuria, uncontrolled hypervolemia, severe clinical manifestations of’ uremia, or presurgical conditioning for renal transplantation. | NR |
| Langston, 2002 [28] | Cats: 6 | Hemodialysis | Conservative treatment | Non-infectious | Cats treated at the Animal Medical Center, New York, after lily ingestion presenting acute renal injury. | NR |
| Nielsen, 2015 [24] | Dogs: 58 Cats: 64 | Conservative treatment | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records of cats and dogs admitted until august 2008 and June 2012 with AKI. | Incomplete medical records |
| Pantalco, 2004 [25] | Cats: 119 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records of all cats diagnosed acute uremia that was treated with hemodialysis between January 1993 and December 2003. | NR |
| Schweighauser, 2016 [21] | Dogs 3 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Non-infectious | Description of three cases with AKI due poisoning ethylene glycol. | NR |
| Segev, 2013 [5] | Cats: 132 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records the cats is acute uremia attended between jan 1993 and feb 2007. Acute uremia was defined by the following: acute onset of clinical signs, history and physical examination consistent with AKI or ureteral obstruction, azotemia (creatinine >3 mg/dL). | Cats with urinary system rupture, with urethral obstruction, or that underwent renal transplantation were excluded. |
| Segev, 2008 [19] | Dogs: 182 | Hemodialysis | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Dogs presented to the University of California, William R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH) with AKI and managed with hemodialysis. | CKD, Obstructive, euthanized within 2 weeks after inition of hemodialysis. |
| Vaden, 1997 [20] | Dogs: 99 | Conservative treatment | Not applied | Infectious and non-infectious | Medical records of dogs presented to North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine teaching hospital from January 1985 to October 1993 were searched for the diagnoses of renal disease, renal insufficiency, or AKI. The following criteria were used to define AKI: clinical signs for fewer than 7 days, azotemia, normal or enlarge kidney size as detected by physical examination, survey radiography, or ultrasonography, and absence of clinicopathologic or radiographic data consistent with chronic renal failure. | Dogs with exclusively prerenal or postrenal azotemia were excluded. |
#: Number.
ARF: Acute renal failure; AKI: Acute renal injury; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; IHD: intermittent hemodialysis; NR: not reported; PD: Peritoneal dialysis; sCr: Serum creatinine.