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Nonreproductive swarming occurs more often in colonies with more pathogens (above) than in colonies with fewer pathogens (below) when other conditions are comparable [2,5,9,16,17]. The 1–9 scale represents the average number of pathogens or parasites in the colonies. Varroa and Nosema, and bacteria and fungi, indicate that at least one of them will be found in swarming or nonswarming colonies.
