Table 1. Prevalence of host- and pathogen- characteristics by NTS clinical outcome (bacteremia versus diarrhea), stratified on age under and over 5 years.
| Age < 5 years | Age ≥5 years | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NTS diarrhea | NTS bacteremia | P—value1 |
NTS diarrhea | NTS bacteremia | P—value1 |
|
| n = 16 | n = 117 | n = 57 | n = 113 | |||
| n (%) / mean (sd) |
n (%) / mean (sd) |
n (%) / mean (sd) |
n (%) / mean (sd) |
|||
| Host factors | ||||||
| Age (mean (sd)) | 1.32 (0.90) | 2.22 (1.14) | 0.003 | 32.46 (20.19) | 26.87 (18.13) | 0.070 |
| Sex (% female) | 5 (31.2) | 57 (48.7) | 0.285 | 30 (52.6) | 68 (60.2) | 0.438 |
| Nutritional status at presentation | ||||||
| Wasted (WHZ < -2.0) | 3 (21.4) | 16 (14.8) | 0.456 | NA | NA | NA |
| Stunted (HAZ < -2.0) | 6 (40.0) | 33 (29.7) | 0.610 | NA | NA | NA |
| Severe acute malnutrition (WHZ < -3.0) |
1 (7.1) | 7 (6.5) | 1.000 | NA | NA | NA |
| Any medication taken for illness prior to presentation2 | 7 (43.8) | 64 (54.7) | 0.578 | 29 (50.9) | 52 (46.0) | 0.663 |
| TMP/SMX taken | 1 (6.2) | 9 (8.0) | 1.000 | 2 (3.8) | 3 (2.9) | 1.000 |
| Other antibiotic taken | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.8) | 1.000 | 5 (9.6) | 2 (1.9) | 0.043 |
| Received HIV test | 1 (6.3) | 13 (11.1) | 0.552 | 27 (47.4) | 46 (40.7) | 0.408 |
| HIV positive3 | 0 (0.0) | 6 (46.2) | 1.000 | 11 (40.7) | 33 (71.7) | 0.018 |
| HIV positive (status confirmed at NTS dx) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (46.2) | 1.000 | 1 (16.7) | 19 (79.2) | 0.009 |
| Malaria smear positive4 | 3 (21.4) | 33 (29.2) | 0.756 | 3 (7.3) | 19 (19.6) | 0.080 |
| Pathogen factors | ||||||
| Serogroup 5 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Group B | 7 (43.8) | 75 (64.1) | 28 (49.1) | 77 (68.8) | ||
| Group C1/C2 | 4 (25.0) | 0 (0.0) | 13 (22.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Group D | 3 (18.8) | 40 (34.2) | 11 (19.3) | 35 (31.2) | ||
| Undefined | 2 (12.5) | 2 (1.7) | 5 (8.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Salmonella sequence type (ST) 6 | 0.002 | 0.346 | ||||
| Typhimurium ST313 | 0 (0.0) | 49 (57.6) | 6 (35.3) | 54 (66.7) | ||
| Typhimurium ST19 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Enteritidis ST11 | 1 (33.3) | 33 (38.8) | 5 (29.4) | 24 (29.6) | ||
| Enteritidis ST6 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Virchow ST16 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Heidelberg ST15 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Newport ST188 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | ||
| Unknown ST1162 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Unknown ST1817 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Drug resistance | ||||||
| TMP-SMX | 5 (35.7) | 98 (89.9) | <0.001 | 18 (34.0) | 96 (91.4) | <0.001 |
| Ampicillin | 4 (28.6) | 96 (88.9) | <0.001 | 20 (37.7) | 94 (90.4) | <0.001 |
| Chloramphenicol | 3 (21.4) | 91 (84.3) | <0.001 | 15 (28.3) | 83 (79.0) | <0.001 |
| Multi-drug resistant7 | 3 (21.4) | 90 (83.3) | <0.001 | 14 (26.4) | 81 (77.1) | <0.001 |
Numbers and percentages out of all non-missing records
1 P-value test for difference in the proportions / means of co-factors between NTS bacteremia and NTS diarrhea by age group, calculated using a chi-squared statistic for differences in proportions and T-test for differences in mean values. Fisher’s exact test used to test difference in proportions with cell values of 5 or less.
2 Among those with non-missing responses to having taken any medication for the current illness
3 HIV status ascertained through two community surveillance surveys conducted in 2008–2009 and 2013.
4Among those presenting with fever or history of fever
5Serogroup identified by commercial agglutinating antiserum
6Based on Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). Among 3 NTS diarrhea and 85 NTS bacteremia specimens genotyped from patients under age five; and among 16 NTS diarrhea and 81 NTS bacteremia specimens genotyped from patients age five and older.
7Resistance to TMP-SMX, Ampicillin, and Chloramphenicol