Table 2.

Chronic Low Back Pain – Effective Medications based on Included Studies

Chronic Low Back Pain – Effective Medications
FDA On-Label	Off-Label
Acetaminophen
None	None
NSAIDs
None	Naproxen, Etoricoxib, Valdecoxib, Rofecoxib, Celecoxib, Diclofenac, Piroxicam, Indomethacin
ARIs
None	Desipramine, Doxepin, Nortriptyline, Duloxetine, Maprotiline
Membrane Stabilizers
None	Topiramate
Muscle Relaxants
None	Carisoprodol, Cyclobenzaprine, Diazepam
ARI/Opioid
None	Tramadol, Tramadol/acetaminophen, Tapentadol
Topical Capsaicin
None	Capsaicin cream
Local Anesthetics
None	None
NMDA Antagonists
None	None
Miscellaneous
None	Botulinum Toxin Type A, Tanezumab

FDA: Food and Drug Administration; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ARI: amine reuptake inhibitor; NMDA: N-methyl-D-aspartate