Table 3.

Multilevel Regression Results—All Variables

Variable	Factor	Odds Ratio	Z	P > z
Gender	Male	(ref.)
	Female	2.075	23.53	<.001***
Race	White	(ref.)
	Black	1.214	4.32	<.001***
	Asian	0.909	−0.8	.424
	Other	0.771	−3.39	.001**
Ethnicity	Non‐Hispanic	(ref.)
	Hispanic	1.375	4.04	<.001***
Insurance	Private	(ref.)
	Medicaid	0.808	−5.06	<.001***
	Medicare	0.702	−8.91	<.001***
	Self‐pay	0.881	−2.64	.01**
	Other	0.908	−1.02	.269
Age at Encounter		0.973	−28.5	<.001***
Median Household Income		0.999	−1.73	.084*
Percent Bachelor's Degree Attained		1.008	2.97	.003**
Kernel Primary Care Accessibility Index (log)		1.042	0.67	.504
Primary Care Clinic Index (log)		0.945	−1.65	.098*
Percent Designated MUA		1.002	1.82	.064*
Percent Designated HPSA		0.999	−0.97	.331
Distance to Hospital (log)		1.051	1.36	.175
Constant		3.316	3.55	<.001***
Regression with only one area‐level spatial access variable
Kernel Primary Care Accessibility Index (log)		1.060	1.04	.297
E2SFCA Primary Care Accessibility Index (log)		1.073	0.70	.483
Primary Care Clinic Index (log)		0.954	−1.33	.184

*p < .1, **p < .01, ***p < .001.