Table 1.
Characteristics of Study Population by Sex.
| Women | Men | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Number | 186 | 492 | |
| Demographic Factors | |||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 62.6 (9.4) | 63.0 (0.1) | 0.65 |
| White, n (%) | 98 (52.7) | 332 (67.5) | 0.0004 |
| Income below poverty status (≤ $20,000), n (%) | 43 (24.4) | 63 (13.6) | 0.001 |
| Greater than high school education, n (%) | 128 (71.1) | 362 (74.6) | 0.36 |
| Clinical and Lifestyle Factors | |||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.2 (6.1) | 29.4 (4.9) | 0.11 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 30 (16.1) | 69 (14.1) | 0.05 |
| Depression (BDI ≥ 10), n (%) | 80 (44.4) | 135 (28.4) | <.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 71 (38.2) | 151 (30.7) | 0.06 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 146 (78.5) | 370 (75.2) | 0.37 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 144 (77.4) | 412 (83.7) | 0.06 |
| Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 69 (37.1) | 183 (37.2) | 0.98 |
| Heart Failure, n (%) | 29 (15.6) | 67 (13.6) | 0.51 |
| Angina past month, n (%) | 78 (42.2) | 118 (24.2) | <.0001 |
| Functional capacity, mean (SD) | 33.5 (14.7) | 43.6 (13.8) | <.0001 |
| Medications | |||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 156 (83.9) | 428 (87.2) | 0.27 |
| Beta Blocker, n (%) | 143 (76.9) | 361 (73.5) | 0.37 |
| ACE Inhibitors, n (%) | 65 (35.0) | 245 (50.0) | 0.001 |
| Anti-Depressant, n (%) | 60 (32.3) | 94 (19.1) | 0.0003 |
| Statins, n (%) | 154 (82.8) | 422 (86.1) | 0.28 |
| Imaging Data and CAD Severity Indicators | |||
| Obstructive CAD (≥ 50% stenosis), n (%) | 138 (86.3) | 394 (92.3) | 0.03 |
| Previous revascularization, n (%) | 145 (78.0) | 377 (76.6) | 0.71 |
| Abnormal exercise or nuclear test, n (%) | 38 (23.0) | 102 (22.3) | 0.84 |
| Gensini Score, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.4) | 3.2 (1.3) | 0.01 |
| Summed rest score, mean (SD) | 3.5 (7.1) | 5.8 (9.3) | 0.001 |
| Percent LV with Inducible Mental Stress Ischemia, mean (SD) | 1.3 (3.6) | 1.1 (2.7) | 0.34 |
| Percent LV with Inducible Conventional Stress Ischemia, mean (SD) | 3.3 (6.4) | 3.9 (6.6) | 0.33 |
| Mental Stress Myocardial Ischemia, n (%) | 27 (14.2) | 81 (16.5) | 0.54 |
| Conventional Stress Myocardial Ischemia, n (%) | 56 (31.3) | 173 (36.1) | 0.25 |
| Resting Hemodynamics | |||
| SBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 140.0 (20.5) | 133.9 (16.6) | 0.0003 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean (SD) | 78.1 (10.6) | 78.8 (10.2) | 0.45 |
| HR, beat/min, mean (SD) | 65.3 (11.3) | 62.6 (10.8) | 0.01 |
| RPP, beat × mmHg/min, mean (SD) | 9141.7 (2110.9) | 8400.0 (1850.1) | <.0001 |
| Response to Stress | |||
| Subjective Units of distress, mean (SD)* | 11.9 (24.3) | 9.7 (13.7) | 0.20 |
| PAT Ratio† | 0.82 (0.43) | 0.68 (0.30) | 0.002 |
| RPP Response‡ | 5087.6 (2639.3) | 4909.7 (2732.7) | 0.45 |
*
Difference between posttest and pretest values. A positive value indicates higher distress with mental stress.
†
The PAT ratio is calculated as the ratio of pulse wave amplitude during the speaking task over the resting baseline, with lower values indicating greater vasoconstriction.
‡
RPP Response is calculated as the difference between maximum value during stress and minimum value during rest.
Abbreviations: BDI: Beck depression inventory; BMI: Body mass index; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; HR: Heart rate; LV: Left ventricular; PAT: Pulsatile arterial tonometry; RPP: Rate pressure product; SBP: Systolic blood pressure.