Table 3.
Association (adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval) of race-ethnicity and psychosocial measures with adverse pregnancy outcomes in multivariable models that include maternal age, body mass index, smoking, medical co-morbidities, race/ethnicity and the indicated psychosocial measure.
| Covariate | Adverse Pregnancy Outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any PTB | iPTB | sPTB | HDP | SGA | |
| Psychosocial measure = Edinburgh postnatal depression scale (EPDS) | |||||
| N = | 8,964 | 8,962 | 8,962 | 8,962 | 8,931 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.32 (1.06, 1.64) | 1.33 (0.97, 1.82) | 1.27 (0.95, 1.69) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 2.08 (1.71, 2.54) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.93 (0.74, 1.16) | 0.84 (0.60, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) | 0.68 (0.56, 0.83) | 1.44 (1.19, 1.75) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.90 (0.58, 1.38) | 0.87 (0.42, 1.79) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.53) | 0.77 (0.53, 1.13) | 2.10 (1.56, 2.83) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.12 (0.80, 1.55) | 0.99 (0.60, 1.64) | 1.20 (0.79, 1.82) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.12) | 1.31 (0.96, 1.78) |
| EPDS ≥ 10 or suicide ideation | 1.11 (0.92, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.23) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.58) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 0.81 (0.67, 0.97) |
| Psychosocial measure = Krieger racism scale (Krieger) | |||||
| N = | 8,928 | 8,926 | 8,926 | 8,926 | 8,896 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.31 (1.04, 1.64) | 1.39 (1.00, 1.93) | 1.21 (0.90, 1.63) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.20) | 2.07 (1.69, 2.53) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.95 (0.76, 1.20) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.33) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.27) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.86) | 1.45 (1.19, 1.77) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.87 (0.56, 1.36) | 0.80 (0.37, 1.74) | 0.91 (0.54, 1.53) | 0.82 (0.56, 1.20) | 2.08 (1.54, 2.81) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.14 (0.82, 1.59) | 1.00 (0.59, 1.68) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.85) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.14) | 1.42 (1.05, 1.93) |
| Krieger > 3 | 0.91 (0.67, 1.23) | 0.63 (0.38, 1.04) | 1.14 (0.78, 1.65) | 0.81 (0.62, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) |
| Psychosocial measure = Perceived stress scale (PSS) | |||||
| N = | 9,191 | 9,189 | 9,189 | 9,189 | 9,157 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.31 (1.05, 1.62) | 1.27 (0.93, 1.73) | 1.30 (0.98, 1.72) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.14) | 2.08 (1.72, 2.53) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.94 (0.76, 1.17) | 0.84 (0.59, 1.18) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.32) | 0.69 (0.57, 0.83) | 1.44 (1.19, 1.75) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.86 (0.56, 1.33) | 0.83 (0.40, 1.72) | 0.88 (0.52, 1.49) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.15) | 2.08 (1.54, 2.79) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.11 (0.80, 1.54) | 0.95 (0.57, 1.58) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.83) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.10) | 1.36 (1.01, 1.85) |
| PSS | 1.07 (0.91, 1.27) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.32) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.36) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) |
| Psychosocial measure = Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety inventory (STAI-T) | |||||
| N = | 8,178 | 8,177 | 8,177 | 8,177 | 8,150 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.39 (1.09, 1.76) | 1.36 (0.96, 1.92) | 1.36 (0.99, 1.86) | 1.01 (0.82, 1.24) | 2.12 (1.71, 2.63) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.91 (0.71, 1.16) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.34) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) | 1.51 (1.23, 1.85) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.65 (0.38, 1.10) | 0.64 (0.26, 1.57) | 0.66 (0.35, 1.27) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.11) | 2.02 (1.47, 2.78) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.22 (0.86, 1.72) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.73) | 1.36 (0.89, 2.08) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.15) | 1.43 (1.04, 1.97) |
| STAI-T | 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.24) | 1.16 (0.93, 1.46) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.03) |
| Psychosocial measure = Multidimensional perceived social support scale (MSS) | |||||
| N = | 8,209 | 8,208 | 8,208 | 8,208 | 8,181 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.35 (1.06, 1.72) | 1.28 (0.90, 1.82) | 1.36 (0.99, 1.86) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.21) | 2.06 (1.67, 2.55) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.37) | 0.65 (0.53, 0.80) | 1.50 (1.22, 1.83) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.67 (0.40, 1.13) | 0.74 (0.32, 1.70) | 0.64 (0.34, 1.23) | 0.75 (0.50, 1.13) | 2.02 (1.48, 2.76) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.18 (0.83, 1.67) | 0.97 (0.56, 1.69) | 1.31 (0.85, 2.02) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.15) | 1.43 (1.04, 1.96) |
| MSS | 1.21 (1.01, 1.44) | 1.37 (1.05, 1.78) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | 1.15 (0.99, 1.33) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) |
| Psychosocial measure = Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) | |||||
| N = | 8,735 | 8,733 | 8,733 | 8,734 | 8,705 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.30 (1.04, 1.63) | 1.27 (0.92, 1.76) | 1.29 (0.96, 1.73) | 0.93 (0.77, 1.13) | 2.10 (1.72, 2.56) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.89 (0.70, 1.12) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.20) | 0.67 (0.55, 0.82) | 1.44 (1.18, 1.76) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.82 (0.53, 1.29) | 0.76 (0.35, 1.64) | 0.86 (0.50, 1.48) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.18) | 2.05 (1.51, 2.78) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.15 (0.83, 1.60) | 0.95 (0.56, 1.60) | 1.30 (0.86, 1.95) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.10) | 1.43 (1.06, 1.95) |
| CD-RISC | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) | 1.15 (0.92, 1.42) | 0.98 (0.85, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.94, 1.29) |
| Psychosocial measure = Groups derived from latent profile analysis | |||||
| N = | 9,233 | 9,231 | 9,231 | 9,231 | 9,199 |
| NHB vs. NHW | 1.31 (1.06, 1.63) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.85) | 1.25 (0.94, 1.67) | 0.98 (0.81, 1.19) | 2.07 (1.70, 2.51) |
| Hispanic vs. NHW | 0.94 (0.75, 1.17) | 0.87 (0.62, 1.23) | 0.97 (0.73, 1.28) | 0.70 (0.58, 0.85) | 1.43 (1.18, 1.74) |
| Asian vs. NHW | 0.87 (0.57, 1.34) | 0.88 (0.43, 1.82) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.45) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.18) | 2.05 (1.53, 2.77) |
| Other vs. NHW | 1.11 (0.80, 1.54) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.64) | 1.18 (0.78, 1.78) | 0.84 (0.62, 1.12) | 1.35 (1.00, 1.83) |
| Group 1 vs. 3 | 1.28 (0.87, 1.89) | 1.46 (0.86, 2.48) | 1.10 (0.65, 1.88) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.58) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.50) |
| Group 2 vs. 3 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.25) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.51) | 0.90 (0.77, 1.05) | 1.05 (0.90, 1.24) |
| Group 4 vs. 3 | 0.97 (0.71, 1.33) | 0.64 (0.38, 1.08) | 1.24 (0.85, 1.82) | 0.78 (0.59, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.81, 1.38) |
PTB = preterm birth; iPTB = medically-indicated preterm birth; sPTB = spontaneous preterm birth; HDP = hypertensive disease of pregnancy; SGA = small-for-gestational-age birth; NHB = non-Hispanic black; NHW = non-Hispanic white
All psychosocial instrument covariates represent women with a score in the quartile most associated with psychosocial burden (with referent = women with scores in the other three quartiles) unless otherwise indicated.
Denominators may differ among columns due to missing data; odds ratios significant at the p < .05 level presented in bold