Table 4.
PECs for 2017 for SiO2−, CeO2−, and Ag-ENMs. Shown are the most frequently modeled (mode) values; modes that only reflect concentrations from end of life (EOL) releases; ranges (range with some probability) of stochastic modeling that do not necessarily force all applications simultaneously running at the lowest, or, in another scenario, at the highest production; and use and environmental release levels. Such simultaneous extreme scenarios are provided in the absolute min-max borders on the left and right sides. The max border shows extreme high-end spectrum values, which are possible but not very likely, with the assumption that the entirety of ENM import and production (all applications) are simultaneously running at maximum levels with subsequent high ENM use and release. We have rounded the model output to two places after the decimal point. Nevertheless, the results included after the decimal point values should not suggest any accuracy of individual values taken from the analysis of probability distributions. This table rather shows the expected full spectrum with modeled trends.
| Unit | Min | Mode | (Mode EOL) | Range | Max | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SiO 2 -ENM | ||||||
| Sewage treatment effluent | µg/L | 0.01 | 44.37 | 0.01 | 9.04–821.53 | 1,557.61 |
| Surface water (fresh water) | µg/L | 0.00 | 5.34 | 0.00 | 1.80–11.63 | 25.55 |
| Sea water | ng/L | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.01–0.39 | 1.11 |
| Sediments (fresh water)* | mg/kg | 0.00 | 32.12 | 0.00 | 0.15–131.13 | 302.82 |
| Sediments (fresh water)** | mg/kg | 0.00 | 920.81 | 0.04 | 4.63–3,849.29 | 8,681.59 |
| Agricultural soils* | µg/kg | 0.00 | 62.82 | 0.01 | 25.61–127.75 | 258.17 |
| Agricultural soils** | µg/kg | 0.08 | 1,698.93 | 0.33 | 945.72–2,622.65 | 6,981.61 |
| Sludge treated soils* | µg/kg | 0.11 | 3,085.15 | 0.42 | 1,125.36–6,508.83 | 11,603.86 |
| Sludge treated soils** | µg/kg | 2.85 | 78,275.11 | 9.41 | 32,021.29–177,840.16 | 294,408.31 |
| Air | ng/m3 | 0.00 | 13.92 | 0.10 | 1.89–51.36 | 79.43 |
| CeO 2 -ENM | ||||||
| Sewage treatment effluent | ng/L | 0.03 | 199.92 | 0.26 | 20.30–888.75 | 1,867.90 |
| Surface water (fresh water) | ng/L | 0.00 | 7.01 | 0.01 | 0.51–25.59 | 61.74 |
| Sea water | ng/L | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.001 | 0.003 |
| Sediments (fresh water)* | µg/kg | 0.00 | 49.03 | 0.02 | 0.34–253.49 | 611.95 |
| Sediments (fresh water)** | µg/kg | 0.04 | 901.12 | 0.54 | 4.40–8,328.88 | 13,496.61 |
| Agricultural soils* | ng/kg | 0.10 | 377.41 | 0.30 | 43.67–1,491.87 | 2,943.37 |
| Agricultural soils** | ng/kg | 2.10 | 7,963.94 | 6.24 | 1,314.06–36,210.88 | 62,109.92 |
| Sludge treated soils* | ng/kg | 0.97 | 4,450.17 | 6.65 | 528.57–19,011.99 | 35,069.36 |
| Sludge treated soils** | ng/kg | 25.96 | 118,515.88 | 138.04 | 11,212.11–560,423.28 | 933,959.89 |
| Air | ng/m3 | 0.00 | 1.23 | 0.00 | 0.12–5.53 | 12.10 |
| Ag-ENM | ||||||
| Sewage treatment effluent | ng/L | 0.06 | 18.89 | 0.00 | 1.24–103.79 | 151.25 |
| Surface water (fresh water) | ng/L | 0.00 | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.03–2.79 | 4.17 |
| Sea water | ng/L | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.000 | 0.000 |
| Sediments (fresh water)* | µg/kg | 0.00 | 1.85 | 0.00 | 0.02–33.67 | 47.02 |
| Sediments (fresh water)** | µg/kg | 0.00 | 29.55 | 0.00 | 0.19–470.65 | 749.35 |
| Agricultural soils* | ng/kg | 0.03 | 7.76 | 0.00 | 0.24–67.73 | 80.30 |
| Agricultural soils** | ng/kg | 0.50 | 147.13 | 0.02 | 9.40–792.23 | 1,522.66 |
| Sludge treated soils* | ng/kg | 1.13 | 257.18 | 0.01 | 20.08–1,661.16 | 2,294.05 |
| Sludge treated soils** | ng/kg | 22.66 | 5,141.25 | 0.25 | 464.15–24,995.35 | 45,859.26 |
| Air | ng/m3 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.49 | 0.58 |
*100% degradation scenario after one year.
**100% persistent ENM (no-degradation scenario).