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. 2018 Jan 25;9:368. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02796-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Ino80 deletion in endocardial/endothelial cells results in ventricular non-compaction. a Tissue sections through e15.5 control and Tie2Cre;Ino80 fl/fl hearts treated with EdU and Immunostained for EdU and PROX1 to reveal proliferating cardiomyocytes (arrowheads). Images are representative of the following number of replicates: control, n = 7 hearts; mutant, n = 5 hearts at e15.5. Scale bars: 100 μm (low) and 50 μm (high magnification). b Quantification showed that compact myocardium proliferation is reduced while trabecular proliferation is increased. Error bars in graphs are standard deviation. (control, n = 7 hearts; mutant, n = 5 hearts at e15.5). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, evaluated by Student’s t-test. c Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization on adjacent sections for trabecular (Cx40) and compact (Hey2, N-myc, and Tbox20) myocardium markers. Top row includes Endomucin (EMCN) immunofluorescence to demonstrate that mutants contain endocardial-lined trabeculae in regions where control hearts are compacted. Abnormal trabeculae adjacent to the thinned compact layer lack trabecular markers and express compact markers, a pattern that has been termed intermediate myocardium (IM). Images are representative of the following number of replicates: control, n = 3 hearts; mutant, n = 3 hearts at e15.5. Arrowheads indicate Cx40⁺ coronary arteries present in control hearts. Scale bars: 100 μm (low) and 25 μm (high magnification). d Schematic of marker expression and morphology in control and mutant hearts. Intermediate myocardium is a region exhibiting a mismatch in morphology and markers, and is only extensive in non-compacted hearts e Myomesin immunofluorescence reveals that intermediate myocardium also contains trabecular-like sarcomere morphology (arrowheads). Images are representative of the following number of replicates: control, n = 3 hearts; mutant, n = 3 hearts at e15.5. CM compact myocardium, TM trabecular myocardium. Scale bars: 100 μm (low) and 25 μm (high magnification)