Table 1.

Reports of Race/Ethnic Differences in Tumor-Associated Markers of Inflammation in Prostate Tumors

Tumor marker	Observation	Reference
Immune-inflammation signatures	Gene expression differences between tumors from AA and EA men related to immune response and inflammation. Prominent immune-inflammation signature and a distinct interferon-related gene signature in AA tumors.	55
	Increased expression of cytokines in AA tumors.	56
	Distinct DNA copy number alterations in AA tumors. Alterations at the gene expression and DNA copy number levels point to differences in immune response between AA and EA men.	57
	Increased expression of genes associated with immune response and inflammation in AA tumors. A prominent interferon signature is present.	58
Tissue inflammation	Pathology-based scoring of inflammation in benign prostate tissue from AA and EA men. Inflammation was more prevalent in AA men.	59
	Pathology-based scoring of acute and chronic inflammation in benign prostate tissue from Asian, AA, EA, and Hispanic men, all participants of the REDUCE trial. No race/ethnic differences in chronic inflammation but more acute inflammation in Asian men, less in AA men, when compared with EA men. Acute inflammation was associated with a lower prostate cancer risk.	60

AA, African-American; EA, European-American; REDUCE, A Clinical Research Study to Reduce the Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Men Who Are at Increased Risk.