Top) Schematic of a multi-material bioprinter with extrusion nozzles for material deposition - the canisters represent ceramics (white), cells (blue), and polymers (orange). Bottom) Progression of vascularization of a bioprinted 3D scaffold. Base (orange) can be any appropriate biopolymer (alginate, fibrin, or collagen) matrix material. 1) Cell-laden material (blue) is printed onto the base in any direction 2) matrix material fills surrounding area of build layer 3) additional matrix or vascularization material added 4) cell-laden tubule rinsed to wash away excess material and incubated, leaving pre-endothelial cells lining the support matrix allowing them to culture under biological conditions.