Table 1.
Effects of scFOS/OF supplementation on glucose homeostasis in healthy rodents
| Animal model | Diet | FOS dose | Duration | Fasting condition | Postprandial condition | Other metabolic results | Microbiota analysis (yes/no) | Included in meta-analysis (yes/no) | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G | I | Method | G | I | ||||||||
| Standard diet: less than 20% of energy provided by fat | ||||||||||||
| Male Wistar rats | 7% E fat, 73% E CHO | 10% OF | 4 w | ND | ND | Fed | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ TG, PP (blood and liver) = tot. Chol (blood and liver) |
NO | YES | [40] |
| Male Wistar rats | 7% E fat, 73% E CHO | 10% OF | 4 w | = | ↓ | Fed (after 30d) OGTT (after 18d) | ↓ (cardiac and portal blood) = |
↓ (cardiac blood) ↓ |
↓ TG and ↑ GIP (blood) ↑ caecal GLP-1, = GIP |
NO | NO | [41] |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 9.8%E fat, 77.5% E CHO | 5% scFOS | 3–5 w | = | ↓ after 5 w | ND | ND | ND | ↓ adiponectin, leptin ↓ HOMA-IR after 5 w = TG, MCP-1, PAI-1 |
NO | YES | [25] |
| Male Wistar rats | 9.8% E fat, 77.5% E CHO | 5% OF 10% OF | 10 w | = = |
↓ ↓ |
ND | ND | ND | ↓ HOMA-IR ↑ RBC glucose transmembrane transport |
NO | YES | [21] |
| Male Wistar/ST rats | 9.8%E fat, 77.5% E CHO | 5% scFOS | 48 d | = | = | OGTT | = | = | = HOMA-IR | NO | YES | [23] |
| Male Wistar rats | 11.8% E fat, 69.4% E CHO (starch or fructose) | 10% OF | 4 w | ND | ND | Fed | = | = | ↓ TG ↓ leptin with fructose diet only |
YES | YES | [61] |
| Female C57BL/6 J mice ± n-3 PUFA | 14.3% E fat, 58.9% E CHO | 0.2 g OF/ d | 24 d | ↓ (in n-3 depleted mice only) | = | OGTT | = | = | = HOMA-IR ↑ colon proglucagon mRNA content = hepatic TG and Chol |
YES | YES | [22] |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 16.4% E fat, 65.1% E CHO | 2.5% or 5% scFOS | 7 w | = (tail and portal blood) | = (tail blood) ↓(portal blood) with 5% scFOS |
IPGTT | ↓ (2.5% at 30 min) | ND | = HOMA-IR ↑ portal fasting GLP-1 (5%) ↑proglucagon mRNA in caecum and colon (5%) = GLP-1 in ileum, caecum and colon |
NO | NO | [58] |
| High-fat diet: 20 to 60% of energy provided by fat | ||||||||||||
| Male Wistar rats | 23.9% E fat, 56.8% E CHO | 5% OF | 3 w | ND | ND | Feda | = | = | NO | NO | [83] | |
| Male Sprague-Dawley rats | 27.5% E fat, 53.5% E CHO | 10% scFOS | 3 w | ND | ND | Fed | ↓ | = | = plasma acetate, propionate, butyrate ↓ FFA and TG = tot. Chol, PP |
NO | YES | [38] |
| Male C57BL/6 J gnotobiotic mice | 34.9% E fat, 26.3% E CHO | 10% scFOS | 6 w | ND | ND | Fed (5 h after meal) OGTT |
= = AUCg |
= = I (20 and 60 min) |
↓ leptin | YES | NO | [46] |
| Male C57BL/6 J mice | Exp 2 HF2: 58% E fat, 26% E CHO | 10% OF | 4–8 w | = | = | ND | ND | ND | = colon proglucagon mRNA | NO | YES | [16] |
| High-fat diet: more than 60% of energy provided by fat | ||||||||||||
| Male C57BL/6 J mice | 72% E fat, < 1% E CHO | 10% OF | 4 w | ↓ | ↑ | Fed IPGTT |
↓ ↓ AUCg |
↑ ND |
↑ pancreatic insulin ↑ glucose infusion rate and ↓ hepatic glucose production (clamp euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic) ↑ colon proglucagon mRNA ↑ GLP-1 (plasma and colon) |
NO | YES | [15] |
| Male C57BL/6 J mice | Exp 1 HF1: 72% E fat, < 1% E CHO | 10% OF | 4–8 w | ↓ | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ↑ colon proglucagon mRNA | NO | YES | [16] |
CHO carbohydrates, Chol cholesterol, d days, E energy, FFA free fatty acids, FOS fructo-oligosaccharides, G glucose, I insulin, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, ND no data, OF oligofructose, PAI-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, PP phospholipids, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, RBC red blood cells, scFOS short-chain fructooligosaccharides, TG triglycerides, w weeks
aFed condition not clearly indicated in the study